Резюме
Присутствие киберпространства в жизни молодых людей таково, что мы больше не можем проводить различие между онлайн и офлайн сферами, переживая процесс онлайнового развития, который не всегда является гендерно равноправным. Цель данной работы - дать представление об онлайновом поведении испанских подростков в зависимости от пола и возраста, о решениях, которые они принимают при конструировании своей виртуальной идентичности, и об их влиянии на них. Количественное исследование было проведено на национальном уровне (N=2,076, 12-18 лет) в рамках неэкспериментального постфактум дизайна путем опроса. Результаты показывают, что существуют гендерные различия в предпочтении той или иной сети, причем совершенно разные решения принимаются, когда речь идет о присутствии в сети, и что большой процент девочек, в отличие от мальчиков, утверждают, что их виртуальное "я" и поведение, связанное с этим "я", оказывают значительное влияние на их мнение о себе и потребность чувствовать себя интегрированными. В заключение следует отметить, что решения, принимаемые подростками при создании своего виртуального "я", не только имеют негативные последствия, вызванные плохим управлением, но также подвержены влиянию требований и стереотипов, определяющих, какими они должны быть и что они должны делать в Интернете; что особенно актуально для девочек.
Ссылки
Barnes, S.B. (2006). A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v11i9.1394
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Besolí, G., Palomas, N., & Chamarro, A. (2018). Uso del móvil en padres, niños y adolescentes: Creencias acerca de sus riesgos y beneficio. Aloma, 36(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2018.36.1.29-39
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Cai, Z., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2017). Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 105, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.003
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Dans, I. (2015). Identidad digital de los adolescentes. La narrativa del yo. Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación, 13, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2015.0.13.145
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
De-Felice, G., Burrai, J., Mari, E., Paloni, F., Lausi, G., Giannini, A.M., & Quaglieri, A. (2022). How do adolescents use social networks and what are their potential dangers? A qualitative study of gender differences. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095691
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Elias, A.S., & Gill, R. (2017). Beauty surveillance: The digital self-monitoring cultures of neoliberalism. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417705604
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Escobar, M., & Martinez-Uribe, L. (2020). Network coincidence analysis: The netCoin R Package. Journal of Statistical Software, 93(11), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v093.i11
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Escofet, A., López, M., & Álvarez, G. (2014). Una mirada crítica sobre los nativos digitales: Análisis de los usos formales de TIC entre estudiantes universitarios. Revista Q. Tecnología, Comunicación, Educación, 9(17), 1-19. https://bit.ly/3UIwdv8
Link Google Scholar
Fernández-de-Arroyabe, A., Lazkano, I., & Eguskiza, L. (2018). Consumo y creación audiovisual en euskera de los adolescentes gipuzkoanos: Sobrevivir en un contexto digital dominado por lenguas hegemónicas. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 3(1), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir.18-1.7
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Floridi, L. (2015). Introduction. In L. Floridi (Ed.), The onlife manifesto: Being human in a hyperconnected era (pp.1-3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
García, A., Catalina, B., & Tur, V. (2021). Diferencias de edad y género en el uso y consumo de medios sociales entre los adolescentes. AdComunica, 22, 211-234. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2021.22.12
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Casado, M.A., & Mascheroni, G. (2016). Riesgos y oportunidades en Internet y uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010-2015). Red.es/Universidad del País Vasco. https://bit.ly/3Rl8GyO
Link Google Scholar
Gurumurthy, A., & Chami, N. (2019). Development justice in the digital paradigm: Agenda 2030 and beyond. Development, 62, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-019-00203-6
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Hernández, M.J., Renés, P., Campos, R., & González-Larrea, B. (2021). Privacidad en las redes sociales: Análisis de los riesgos de auto-representación digital de adolescentes españoles. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 79, 133-154. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1528
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Herrero-Curiel, E., & La-Rosa, L. (2022). Secondary education students and media literacy in the age of disinformation. [Los estudiantes de secundaria y la alfabetización mediática en la era de la desinformación]. Comunicar, 73, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.3916/C73-2022-08
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
INE (Ed.) (2020). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologi?as de informacio?n y comunicacio?n en los hogares. INE. https://bit.ly/3reRccz
Link Google Scholar
INE (Ed.) (2021). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologi?as de informacio?n y comunicacio?n en los hogares. INE. https://bit.ly/3xZPiQM
Link Google Scholar
Kapidzic, S., & Herring, S.C. (2015). Race, gender, and self-presentation in teen profile photographs. New Media & Society, 17(6), 958-976. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813520301
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Kirschner, P., & De-Bruyckere, P. (2017). The myths of the digital native and the multitasker. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.06.001
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Kriger, D., & Keyser-Verreault, A. (2022). What is gender? In G. Kerr (Ed.), Gender-based violence in children’s sport (pp. 24-29). Routledge. https://bit.ly/3FP7cKE
Link Google Scholar
López-de-Ayala, M.C., Catalina, B., & Pastor, Y. (2022). Problematic Internet use the preference for online social interaction and the motives for using the Internet as a mediating factor. Communication & Society, 35(2), 1-17. https://doi/10.15581/003.35.2.1-17
Link Google Scholar
López-de-Ayala, M.C., Vizcaíno-Laorga, R., & Montes, M. (2020). Hábitos y actitudes de los jóvenes ante las redes sociales: influencia del sexo, edad y clase social. Profesional de la información, 29(6), e290604. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.04
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Mace, R. (2020). Reframing the ordinary: Cyberspace and education. Teoría de la Educación, 32(2), 109-129. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.22473
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Magnuson, J., Dundes, M., & Dundes, L. (2008). Gender differences in social portraits’ reflected in myspace profiles. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 239-241. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0089
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Manago, A., Graham, M., Greenfield, P., & Salikman, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on MySpace. Journal of Applied Development Psychology, 29(6), 446-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.001
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Meeus, A., Beullens, K., & Eggermont, S. (2019). Like me (please?): Connecting online self-presentation to pre- and early adolescents’ self-esteem. New Media & Society, 21(11-12), 2386-2403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819847447
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Memon, A.M., Sharma, S.G., Mohite, S.S., & Jain, S. (2018). The role of online social networking on deliberate self-harm and suicidality in adolescents: A systematized review of the literature. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(4), 384-392. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_414_17
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Mena, E., & Velasco, L.C. (2017). Gender violence and social networks in adolescents. The case of the province of Malaga. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.009
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Menezes, M., Arvanitidis P., Smaniotto, C., & Weinstein, Z. (2019). Teenagers’ perception of public spaces and their practices in ICTs uses. In C. Smaniotto, I. Šuklje, T. Kenna, M. Lange, K. Ioannidis, G. Maksymiuk, & M. Waal (Eds), CyberParks – The interface between people, places and technology (pp. 109-119). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13417-4_9
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Millán-Ghisleri, E., & Caro-Samada, C. (2022). Prevención de la violencia y el acoso en la red en adolescentes: estrategias familiares de crecimiento personal. Teoría de la Educación, 34(1), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.26157
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Muñoz, J.M. (2021). Identity in a hyperconnected society. Risks and educative proposals. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85788-2
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Muñoz, J.M., Torrijos, P., Serrate-González, S., & Murciano, A. (2020). Entornos digitales, conectividad y educación. Percepción y gestión del tiempo en la construcción de la identidad digital de la juventud. Revista Española de Pedagogía, 78(277), 457-476. https://doi.org/10.22550/REP78-3-2020-07
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Oberst, U., Chamarro, A., & Renau, V. (2016). Gender stereotypes 2.0: Self-representations of adolescents on Facebook. [Estereotipos de género 2.0: Auto-representaciones de adolescentes en Facebook]. Comunicar, 48, 81-90. https://doi.org/10.3916/C48-2016-08
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
ONTSI (Ed.) (2021). Estudio sobre usos y actitudes de consumo de contenidos digitales en España 2021. Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital. https://doi.org/10.30923/094-21-023-9_2021
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Parra, G., Ruedas, J., & Serrate-González, S. (2021). Las redes sociales y su influencia en la construcción de la identidad de género: Diseño de una App móvil como recurso social y educativo dirigida al contexto familiar. In J.M. Muñoz (Ed.), Identity in a hyperconnected society (pp. 155-166). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85788-2_11
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Pérez-Curiel, C., & Sanz-Marcos, P. (2019). Estrategia de marca, influencers y nuevos públicos en la comunicación de moda y lujo. Tendencia Gucci en Instagram. Prisma Social, 24, 1-24. https://bit.ly/3iPq2YY
Link Google Scholar
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital inmigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 2-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Quazi, A., Hasan, N., Abayomi-Alli, O., & Hardaker, G. (2022). Gender differences in information and communication technology use & skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 4225-4258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10775-x
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Rambaree, K., & Knez, I. (2017). Young people’s identity & Facebook behaviour: The role of gender and ethnicity. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1359895. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1359895
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Renau, V., Carbonell, X., & Oberst, U. (2012). Redes sociales on-line, género y construcción del self. Revista de Psicología, Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte, 30(2), 97-107. https://bit.ly/3Sld3ek
Link Google Scholar
Rideout, V., Peebles, A., Mann, S., & Robb, M.B. (2022). The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2021. Common Sense. https://bit.ly/3dPMHCl
Link Google Scholar
Rowlands, I., Nicholas, D., Williams, P., Huntington, Pl, Fieldhouse, M., Gunter, B., Withey, R., Jamali, H.R., Dobrowolski, T., & Tenopir, C. (2008). The Google generation: The information behaviour of the researcher of the future. Aslib Proceedings, 60(4), 290-310. https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530810887953
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Sánchez-Rojo, A., & Martín-Lucas, J. (2021). Educación y TIC: Entre medios y fines. Una reflexión postcrítica. Educaçao & Sociedade, 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/es.239802
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Sánchez-Rojo, A., García-del-Dujo, A., Muñoz, J.M., & Dacosta, A. (2022). Grammars of "onlife" identities: Educational re-significations. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 41(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-021-09811-7
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Santos, E. (2018). Construcción de la identidad digital a través del yo-objeto: Proceso de auto-objetivación y su relación con la cosificación del cuerpo de las mujeres. Teknokultura, 15(2), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.5209/TEKN.59724
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Savoia, E., Harriman, N.W., Su, M., Cote, T., & Shortland, N. (2021). Adolescents’ exposure to online risks: Gender disparities and vulnerabilities related to online behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(11), 5786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115786
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Schmidt, M., Frank, L., & Gimpel, H. (2021). How adolescents cope with technostress: A mixed-methods approach. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 25(2), 154-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2021.1887696
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Schofield, D., & Kupiainen, R. (2015). Young people’s narratives of media and identity: Media-graphy as identity work in upper secondary school. Nordicom Review, 36(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2015-0007
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Serpe, R.T, & Stryker, S. (2011). The symbolic interactionist perspective and identity theory. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx & V. Vignoles (Eds), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 225-248). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_10
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Siddiq, F., & Scherer, R. (2019). Is there a gender gap? A meta-analysis of the gender differences in students' ICT literacy. Educational Research Review, 27, 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.03.007
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
UNICEF España (Ed.) (2021). El impacto del uso de la tecnología en la adolescencia: Relaciones, riesgos y oportunidades. Un estudio comprensivo e inclusivo hacia el uso saludable de las TRIC. UNICEF España. https://bit.ly/3Y6hKfo
Link Google Scholar
Uski, S., & Lampinen, A. (2014). Social norms and self-presentation on social network sites: Profile work in action. New Media & Society, 18(3), 447-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543164
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Vannucci, A., Simpson, E.J., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C.M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of adolescence, 79, 258-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescencia.2020.01.014
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Vansieleghem, N., Vlieghe, J., & Zahn, M. (2019). Education in the age of the screen. Possibilities and transformations in technology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429451478
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Winner, L. (1988). The whale and the reactor: A search for limits in an age of high technology. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3105261
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Wright, M.F. (2017). The role of technologies, behaviors, gender, and gender stereotype traits in adolescents’ cyber aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(7-8), 1719-1738. https://doi/10.1177/0886260517696858
Link Google Scholar
Åberg, E., Koivulaab, A., & Kukkonena, I. (2020). A feminine burden of perfection? Appearance-related pressures on social networking sites. Telematics and Informatics, 46, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101319
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Sara Serrate-González, Salamanca (Испания)
