Ключевые слова

Теории заговора, методы коррекции, COVID-19, аудитория, отношения Китая и США, влияние СМИ

Резюме

Среди растущих дискуссий об аргументационных стилях теорий заговора и соответствующих когнитивных процессах их аудитории, исследования до сих пор ограничены в плане разработки методов и стратегий, которые могли бы эффективно развенчать теории заговора и уменьшить вредное влияние конспирологического воздействия СМИ. В данном исследовании критически оценивается эффективность пяти подходов к снижению убежденности в заговоре в экспериментах (N=607), проведенных на Amazon Mechanical Turk. Наши результаты показывают, что методы, основанные на содержании, при столкновении с теориями заговора могут частично смягчить убежденность в заговоре. В частности, коррекции, ориентированные на науку и факты, смогли эффективно смягчить конспирологические убеждения, в то время как стратегии медиаграмотности и инокуляции не привели к значительным изменениям. Что еще более важно, наши результаты показывают, что оба метода, ориентированные на аудиторию, которые включают расшифровку мифа о теории заговора и переосмысление межгрупповых отношений, были эффективны в снижении когнитивного принятия теории заговора. Исходя из этих соображений, данное исследование вносит вклад в систематическое изучение различных эпистемологических средств, влияющих (или не влияющих) на конспирологические убеждения, что является актуальной задачей перед лицом очевидной инфодемической угрозы, как во время, так и после пандемии COVID-19.

Посмотреть инфографику

Ссылки

Abalakina-Paap, M., Stephan, W.G., Craig, T., & Gregory, W.L. (1999). Beliefs in conspiracies. Political Psychology, 20(3), 637-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00160

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Aistrope, T., & Bleiker, R. (2018). Conspiracy and foreign policy. Security Dialogue, 49(3), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010617748305

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media Literacy. A Report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy. [Conference] Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, United States. https://bit.ly/3y34w63

Link Google Scholar

Baden, C., & Sharon, T. (2020). Blinded by the lies? Toward an integrated definition of conspiracy theories. Communication Theory, 31(1), 82-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa023

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Banas, J.A., & Miller, G. (2013). Inducing resistance to conspiracy theory propaganda: Testing inoculation and metainoculation strategies. Human Communication Research, 39(2), 184-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12000

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Banas, J.A., & Rains, S.A. (2010). A meta-analysis of research on inoculation theory. Communication Monographs, 77(3), 281-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003758193

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The Power of Unreason: Conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. Demos.

Link Google Scholar

Bjerg, O., & Presskorn-Thygesen, T. (2017). Conspiracy theory: Truth claim or language game? Theory, Culture & Society, 34(1), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416657880

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Buckland, M. (2017). Information and society. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10922.001.0001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Chan, M.P.S., Jones, C.R., Hall-Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617714579

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cook, J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2011). The debunking handbook. University of Queensland. https://bit.ly/3ezLFI4

Link Google Scholar

Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A. (2017). News media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement. Communication and the Public, 2(4), 388-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317725539

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Drochon, H. (2018). Who believes in conspiracy theories in Great Britain and Europe? In J.E. Uscinski (Ed.), Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them (pp. 337-346). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0022

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Einstein, K.L., & Glick, D.M. (2015). Do I think BLS data are BS? The consequences of conspiracy theories. Political Behavior, 37(3), 679-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-014-9287-z

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fenster, M. (1999). Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and power in American culture. University of Minnesota Press. https://bit.ly/33yuNv4

Link Google Scholar

Golob, T., Makarovi, M., & Rek, M. (2021). Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation. [Meta-reflexividad para la resiliencia contra la desinformación]. Comunicar, 66, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hofstadter, R. (1965). The paranoid style in American politics and other essays. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. https://bit.ly/3eBC7fJ

Link Google Scholar

Hollander, B.A. (2018). Partisanship, individual differences, and news media exposure as predictors of conspiracy beliefs. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 691-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017728919

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Husting, G., & Orr, M. (2007). Dangerous machinery: ‘Conspiracy theorist’ as a transpersonal strategy of exclusion. Symbolic Interaction, 30(2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2007.30.2.127

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jeong, S.H., Cho, H., & Hwang, Y. (2012). Media literacy interventions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 454-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jolley, D., & Douglas, K.M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jones, L. (2008). A geopolitical mapping of the post-9/11 world: Exploring conspiratorial knowledge through Fahrenheit 9/11 and The Manchurian Candidate. Journal of Media Geography, 111, 44-50. https://bit.ly/3f4MSWW

Link Google Scholar

Jones-Jang, S.M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021). Does media literacy help identification of fake news? Information literacy helps, but other literacies don’t. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jutila, M. (2006). Desecuritizing minority rights: Against determinism. Security Dialogue, 37(2), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010606066169

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Karstedt, S., & Farrall, S. (2006). The moral economy of everyday crime: Markets, consumers and citizens. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), 1011-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl082

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kofta, M., & Sedek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2005.11043142

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Krekó, P. (2020). Countering conspiracy theories and misinformation. In M. Butter & P. Knight, P. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories (pp.242-256). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-2_8

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

LaGarde, J., & Hudgins, D. (2018). Fact vs. Fiction: Teaching critical thinking skills in the age of fake news. International Society for Technology in Education.

Link Google Scholar

Lee, B. (2020). Radicalization and Conspiracy Theories. In M. Butter, & P. Knight (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-3_7

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

McGuire, W.J., & Papageorgis, D. (1962). Effectiveness of forewarning in developing resistance to persuasion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1086/267068

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Mitchell, S.S.D. (2019). Population control, deadly vaccines, and mutant mosquitoes: The construction and circulation of Zika virus conspiracy theories online. Canadian Journal of Communication, 44(2), 211-237. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2019v44n2a3329

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Melero-López, I. (2021). News consumption and risk perception of Covid-19 in Spain. [Seguimiento informativo y percepción del riesgo ante la Covid-19 en España]. Comunicar, 66, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-06

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Mutsvairo, B., & Bebawi, S. (2019). Journalism educators, regulatory realities, and pedagogical predicaments of the “fake news” era: A comparative perspective on the middle east and Africa. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 74(2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819833552

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Oliver, J.E., & Wood, T.J. (2014). Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12084

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Potter, W.J. (2010). The state of media literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 675-696. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.521462

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Roe, P. (2004). Securitization and minority rights: Conditions of de-securitization. Security Dialogue, 35(3), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010604047527

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Roozenbeek, J., & van-der-Linden, S. (2019). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22(5), 570-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1443491

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Samuel-Azran, T., & Hayat, T. (2019). Online news recommendations credibility: The tie is mightier than the source. [La credibilidad de las noticias digitales: El vínculo es más impactante que la fuente]. Comunicar, 60, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.3916/C60-2019-07

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sidak, Z. (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 626-633. https://doi.org/10.2307/2283989

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Simmons, W.P., & Parsons, S. (2005). Beliefs in conspiracy theories among African Americans: A comparison of elites and masses. Social Science Quarterly, 86(3), 582-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00319.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Swami, V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.369

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Uscinski, J.E., & Parent, J.M. (2014). American Conspiracy Theories. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351800.001.0001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

van-Prooijen, J.W., Douglas, K.M., & De-Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2331

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2),155-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Warner, B.R., & Neville-Shepard, R. (2014). Echoes of a conspiracy: Birthers, truthers, and the cultivation of extremism. Communication Quarterly, 62(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.822407

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Winiewski, M., Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2015). Conspiracy theories on the map of stereotype content: Survey and historical evidence. In M. Bilewicz, A. Cichocka, & W. Soral (Eds.), The Psychology of Conspiracy (pp. 23-41). Routledge.

Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Crossmark

Техническая спецификация

Получила: 16-02-2021

пересмотренный: 19-03-2021

Принятый: 27-04-2021

OnlineFirst: 15-06-2021

Дата публикации: 01-10-2021

Время пересмотра статьи: 31 дней | Среднее время пересмотра вопроса 69: 30 дней

Время принятия статьи: 69 дней | Время приема Номер 69: 68 дней

Время редактирования препринта: 181 дней | Выпуск препринта среднего времени редактирования 69: 180 дней

Время редактирования статьи: 226 дней | Среднее время редактирования журнала 69: 225 дней

метрика

Метрики этой статьи

Просмотров: 6075

Ознакомление с аннотациями: 5402

загрузки PDF-файлов: 673

Полные метрики 69

Просмотров: 180650

Ознакомление с аннотациями: 155742

загрузки PDF-файлов: 24908

Цитируется

Цитаты в Web of Science

Oleksy, T; Wnuk, A; (...); Pisula, E. Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111524

Hughes, Brian; White, Kesa; West, Jennifer; Criezis, Meili; Zhou, Cindy; Bartholomew, Sarah; . Cultural Variance in Reception and Interpretation of Social Media COVID-19 Disinformation in French-Speaking Regions INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, 2021.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312624

Cernicova-Buca, M and Ciurel, D. Developing Resilience to Disinformation: A Game-Based Method for Future Communicators SUSTAINABILITY , 2022.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095438

Diez-Gutierrez, E; Verdeja, M; (...); Macias-Tovar, J. Political hate speech of the far right on Twitter in Latin America COMUNICAR 30 (72), 2022.

https://doi.org/10.3916/C72-2022-08

Guan, TR and Wang, Q. Examining the Democratic Potential of Data Journalism in Curing Misinformation JOURNALISM PRACTICE, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2124433

Holden, R and Leigh, A. The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia's Covid vaccine failures OXFORD REVIEW OF ECONOMIC POLICY, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac028

Bam, NE . Strategies to address conspiracy beliefs and misinformation on COVID-19 in South Africa: A narrative literature review HEALTH SA GESONDHEID, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v27i0.1851

Dynel, M (Dynel, Marta) ; Zappavigna, M (Zappavigna, Michele). Enacting polyvocal scorn in #CovidConspiracy tweets: The orchestration of voices in humorous responses to COVID-19 conspiracy theories DISCOURSE CONTEXT & MEDIA, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2023.100670

Цитаты в Scopus

Hughes, B., White, K., West, J., (...), Zhou, C., Bartholomew, S. . Cultural variance in reception and interpretation of social media COVID-19 disinformation in French-speaking regions), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312624

Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A., Gambin, M., (...), Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., Pisula, E. . Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study), Personality and Individual Differences, .

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111524

Cernicova-Buca, M., Ciurel, D. . Developing Resilience to Disinformation: A Game-Based Method for Future Communicators), Sustainability (Switzerland), .

https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095438

Díez-Gutiérrez, Enrique-Javier; Verdeja, María; Sarrión-Andaluz, José; Buendía, Luis; Macías-Tovar, Julián. Political hate speech of the far right on Twitter in Latin America), 2022, .

https://doi.org/10.3916/C72-2022-08

Guan, T., Wang, Q.. Examining the Democratic Potential of Data Journalism in Curing Misinformation), Journalism Practice, .

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2124433

Olivares-Delgado, F., Benlloch-Osuna, M., Rodríguez-Valero, D., Breva-Franch, E.. Corporate Disinformation: Concept and Typology of Forms of Corporate Disinformation), Springer Series in Design and Innovation, .

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20364-0_46

Bam, N.E. . Strategies to address conspiracy beliefs and misinformation on COVID-19 in South Africa: A narrative literature review ), Health SA Gesondheid, .

https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v27i0.1851

Dynel, M., Zappavigna, M.. Enacting polyvocal scorn in #CovidConspiracy tweets: The orchestration of voices in humorous responses to COVID-19 conspiracy theories), Discourse, Context and Media, .

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2023.100670

Pilch, I., Turska-Kawa, A., Wardawy, P., Olszanecka-Marmola, A., Smołkowska-Jędo, W.. Contemporary trends in psychological research on conspiracy beliefs. A systematic review), Frontiers in Psychology, .

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1075779

Holden, R., Leigh, A.. The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia's Covid vaccine failures), Oxford Review of Economic Policy, .

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac028

Hornsey, M.J., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., Douglas, K.M.. Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories), Nature Reviews Psychology, .

https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0

Herrero-Diz, P., Sánchez-Martín, M., Aguilar, P., Muñiz-Velázquez, J.A.. Adolescents’ vulnerability to disinformation: Its measurement and relationship to critical thinking and moral disengagement), Revista Espanola de Pedagogia, .

https://doi.org/10.22550/REP81-2-2023-04

Arias, D., González Pardo, R.E., Peña, O.C. . Post-truth and fake news in scientific communication in Ibero-American journals), Comunicacion y Sociedad (Mexico), .

https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2023.8442

Цитаты в Google Scholar

Cernicova-Buca, M., & Ciurel, D. (2022). Developing Resilience to Disinformation: A Game-Based Method for Future Communicators. Sustainability, 14(9), 5438.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5438

Díez-Gutiérrez, E., Verdeja, M., Sarrión-Andaluz, J., Buendía, L., & Macías-Tovar, J. (2022). Discurso político de odio de la ultraderecha desde Twitter en Iberoamérica. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 30(72).

https://www.revistacomunicar.com/verpdf.php?numero=72&articulo=72-2022-08&idioma=en

Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A., Gambin, M., Łyś, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., & Pisula, E. (2022). Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 111524.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886922000277

Hughes, B., White, K., West, J., Criezis, M., Zhou, C., & Bartholomew, S. (2021). Cultural Variance in Reception and Interpretation of Social Media COVID-19 Disinformation in French-Speaking Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12624.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12624

Díez Gutiérrez, E. J., Verdeja Muñiz, M., Sarrión Andaluz, J., Buendía, L., & Macías Tovar, J. (2022). Discurso político de odio de la ultraderecha desde Twitter en Iberoamérica. Comunicar: revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación.

https://redined.educacion.gob.es/xmlui/handle/11162/224027

Díez-Gutiérrez, E., Verdeja, M., Sarrión-Andaluz, J., & Buendía, L. (2022). Political hate speech of the far right on Twitter in Latin America. Comunicar, 30(72), 101-113.

http://eprints.rclis.org/43432/

Corporate Disinformation: Concept and Typology of Forms of Corporate Disinformation F Olivares-Delgado, M Benlloch-Osuna… - … Conference on Design …, 2023 - Springer

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-20364-0_46

Examining the Democratic Potential of Data Journalism in Curing Misinformation T Guan, Q Wang - Journalism Practice, 2022 - Taylor & Francis

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2022.2124433

Contemporary trends in psychological research on conspiracy beliefs. A systematic review I Pilch, A Turska-Kawa, P Wardawy… - Frontiers in …, 2023 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9945548/

Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories MJ Hornsey, K Bierwiaczonek, K Sassenberg… - Nature Reviews …, 2023 - nature.com

https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-022-00133-0

Psychological underpinnings of disinformation countermeasures: A systematic scoping review Ziemer C , Rothmund T

https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR578118

The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia's Covid vaccine failures R Holden, A Leigh - Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2022 - academic.oup.com

https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/38/4/818/6896156?login=false

Enacting polyvocal scorn in# CovidConspiracy tweets: The orchestration of voices in humorous responses to COVID-19 conspiracy theories M Dynel, M Zappavigna - Discourse, Context & Media, 2023 - Elsevier

...

Скачать

Альтернативные метрики

Как процитировать

Guan, T., Liu, T., & Yuan, R. (2021). Facing disinformation: Five methods to counter conspiracy theories amid the Covid-19 pandemic. [Combatiendo la desinformación: Cinco métodos para contrarrestar las teorías de conspiración en la pandemia de Covid-19]. Comunicar, 69, 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3916/C69-2021-06

Доля

           

Oxbridge Publishing House

4 White House Way

B91 1SE Sollihul United Kingdom

Администрация

Редакция

Creative Commons

Данный сайт использует куки-файлы для получения статистических данных о навигации своих пользователей. Если вы продолжите просмотр, мы считаем, что вы принимаете его использование. +info X