Palavras chave

Imigração, refugiados, atitude, discurso de ódio, big data, Twitter

Resumo

O discurso de ódio contra públicos vulneráveis é reconhecido como um grave problema de integração e respeito pela diversidade social na União Europeia. O aumento desse tipo de discurso tem sido reforçado pela expansão das redes sociais - espaços virtuais que, conforme demonstrado - atuam como mecanismo de propagação de crimes contra grupos como migrantes e refugiados, principais afetados. Por esta razão, o desenvolvimento do primeiro estudo europeu sobre a aceitação social de migrantes e refugiados é abordado através da pesquisa acerca da presença do discurso de ódio. A pesquisa baseia-se na perspectiva da teoria do contato intergrupal e do contato intergrupal mediado. A metodologia inclui uma análise longitudinal em larga escala (2015-2020) do discurso de ódio online no Twitter (N=847.978) e contraste com os indicadores oficiais existentes. Os resultados indicam que o contato intergrupal pessoal está positivamente correlacionado com o apoio da população a migrantes e refugiados, mas o contato intergrupal mediado não está correlacionado com a diminuição do discurso de ódio. Encontramos evidências mostrando que nas regiões onde o apoio ao coletivo era maior, havia um menor nível de discurso de ódio no Twitter. Isso representa um avanço no estudo do discurso de ódio pelos territórios e pode ajudar na proposição de estratégias de ação.

Ver infografia

Referências

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M.A. (2017). Twenty years of group processes and intergroup relations research: A review of past progress and future prospects. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217709536

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Abrams, J.R., McGaughey, K.J., & Haghighat, H. (2018). Attitudes toward Muslims: a test of the parasocial contact hypothesis and contact theory. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 47(4), 276-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2018.1443968

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.

Link Google Scholar

Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (Ed.) (1951). Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados. https://bit.ly/2Zz2Y70

Link Google Scholar

Arcila-Calderón, C., Amores, J.J., & Stanek, M. (2021). Predicting integration of refugees: Using machine learning and synthetic populations to predict social acceptance of asylum seekers in European regions. In S. Korkmaz, & B. Bircan (Eds.), Data science for migration and mobility. Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Arcila-Calderón, C., Amores, J.J., Sánchez-Holgado, P., & Blanco-Herrero, D. (2022, en preparación). Developing and evaluating an automatic detector of racist and xenophobic hate speech on Twitter in Spanish using shallow and deep learning [Unpublished].

Link Google Scholar

Arcila-Calderón, C., Blanco-Herrero, D., & Valdez-Apolo, M.B. (2020). Rechazo y discurso de odio en Twitter: Análisis de contenido de los tuits sobre migrantes y refugiados en español. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 172, 21-40. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.172.21

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Arcila-Calderón, C., Blanco-Herrero, D., Frías-Vázquez, M., & Seoane-Pérez, F. (2022). Refugees welcome? Online hate speech and sentiments in Twitter in Spain during the reception of the boat Aquarius. Sustainability, 13(5), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052728

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bayer, J., & Bárd, P. (2020). Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation ofonline content regulation approaches. Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. https://doi.org/10.2861/28047

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bollen, J., Mao, H., & Pepe, A. (2011). Modeling public mood and emotion: Twitter sentiment and socio-economic phenomena. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 5(1), 450-453. https://bit.ly/3DO1hRR

Link Google Scholar

Broad, G.M., Gonzalez, C., & Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (2014). Intergroup relations in South Los Angeles. Combining communication infrastructure and contact hypothesis approaches. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.06.001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cabo-Isasi, A., & García-Juanatey, A. (2017). Hate speech in social media: A state-of-the-art-review. https://bit.ly/33bfHi3

Link Google Scholar

Canelón, A.R., & Almansa, A. (2018). Migración: Retos y oportunidades desde la perspectiva de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Retos, 8(16), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n16.2018.08

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cinelli, M., Morales, G.D.F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2023301118

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ekman, M. (2019). Anti-immigration and racist discourse in social media. European Journal of Communication, 34(6), 606-618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119886151

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Esipova, N., Ray, J., & Pugliese, A. (2020). World grows less accepting of migrants. Gallup. https://bit.ly/3uDGL3r

Link Google Scholar

ESS-ERIC Consortium (Ed.) (2021). European Social Survey (ESS). https://bit.ly/3ilifiq

Link Google Scholar

Eurobarómetro (Ed.) (2020). Public opinion in the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2775/460239

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Eurobarómetro (Ed.) (s.f). Sondeos periódicos de opinión del Parlamento Europeo. https://bit.ly/3up3rnR

Link Google Scholar

European Commission (Ed.) (2016). The Census Hub: Easy and flexible access to European census data. Publications office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2785/52653

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Felt, M. (2016). Social media and the social sciences: How researchers employ Big Data analytics. Big Data & Society, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716645828

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gallacher, J.D., Heerdink, M.W., & Hewstone, M. (2021). Online engagement between opposing political protest groups via social media is linked to physical violence of offline encounters. Social Media + Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120984445

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Inter-Parliamentary Union (Ed.) (2015). Migration, human rights and governance. The International Labour Organization/ The United Nations. https://bit.ly/3F0KDjz

Link Google Scholar

Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200723

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Larson, R.B. (2019). Controlling social desirability bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318805305

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2020). Fanning the flames of hate: Social media and hate crime. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(4), 2131-2167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaa045

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (Ed.) (2015). Agenda 2030 - Objetivo 10. Reducción de las desigualdades. ONU. https://bit.ly/3ulmcZi

Link Google Scholar

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (Ed.) (2018). Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. ONU. https://bit.ly/3op7VtL

Link Google Scholar

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (Ed.) (2019). International migration policies. Data booklet. Statistical Papers - United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/0a2bc93d-en

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T.F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Salvini, M. [@matteosalvinimi] (2020, October 26). Ecco Il bel regalo di Natale di chi ci odia. Autore di questo scempio schifoso un palestinese [Tweet]. Twitter. https://bit.ly/3IHDIxK

Link Google Scholar

Sampieri, R.H., Collado, C.F., Lucio, P.B., Valencia, S.M., & Torres, C.P.M. (2014). Metodología de la investigación. McGraw-Hill Education. https://bit.ly/3ESaIRq

Link Google Scholar

Sayce, D. (2020). The number of tweets per day in 2020. https://bit.ly/3CZbUB2

Link Google Scholar

Siapera, E., Boudourides, M., Lenis, S., & Suiter, J. (2018). Refugees and network publics on Twitter: Networked framing, affect, and capture. Social Media + Society, 4(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764437

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Vox [@Vox_es] (2021, March 27). Mientras impiden la movilidad a los españoles, más de 700 inmigrantes ilegales han asaltado nuestras fronteras en los últimos días [Tweet]. Twitter. https://bit.ly/3GAmGQe

Link Google Scholar

Vrysis, L., Vryzas, N., Kotsakis, R., Saridou, T., Matsiola, M., Veglis, A., Arcila-Calderón, C., & Dimoulas, C. (2021). A Web interface for analyzing hate speech. Future Internet, 13(3), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13030080

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

We are social/Hootsuite (Ed.) (2021). Digital 2021 October Global Statshot Report. Digital 2021 Global Digital Overview. https://bit.ly/32c89el

Link Google Scholar

Zhang, J.S., Tan, C., & Lv, Q. (2019). Intergroup contact in the wild: Characterizing language differences between intergroup and single-group members in NBA-related discussion forums. In A. Lampinen, D. Gergle & D.A. Shamma (Eds.), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359295

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Crossmark

Technical information

Recebido: 04-10-2021

Revisado: 22-11-2021

Aceite: 03-12-2021

OnlineFirst: 01-02-2022

Data de publicação: 01-04-2022

Tempo de revisão do artigo: 49 dias | Tempo médio de revisão do número 71: 45 dias

Tempo de aceitação do artigo: 60 dias | Tempo médio de aceitação do número 71: 70 dias

Tempo de edição da pré-impressão: 134 dias | Tempo médio de edição pré-impressão do número 71: 144 dias

Tempo de processamento do artigo: 179 dias | Tempo médio de processamento do número 71: 189 dias

Métricas

Métricas deste artigo

Vistas: 46774

Leituras dos resumos: 43047

Descargas em PDF: 3727

Métricas completas do Comunicar 71

Vistas: 441116

Leituras dos resumos: 403126

Descargas em PDF: 37990

Citado por

Citas em Web of Science

Castellvi, J; Sabater, MM; (...); Santisteban, A. Future teachers confronting extremism and hate speech HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01222-4

Pineiro-Naval, V; Igartua, JJ; (...); Blanco-Herrero, D. IBERO-AMERICAN RESEARCH ON POLITICAL COMMUNICATION FROM FRAMING THEORY (2015-2019) Prisma Social, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.24587/revis.8748

Arcila-Calderon, C; Amores, JJ; (...); Alonso, MO. How to Detect Online Hate towards Migrants and Refugees? Developing and Evaluating a Classifier of Racist and Xenophobic Hate Speech Using Shallow and Deep Learning Sustainability, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013094

Blanco-Alfonso, I; Rodriguez-Fernandez, L and Arce-Garcia, S. Polarization and hate speech with gender bias associated with politics: analysis of interactions on Twitter REVISTA DE COMUNICACION-PERU, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.2-2022-A2

Barroso-Moreno, C; Rayon-Rumayor, L and Garcia-Vera, AB. Big Data and Business Intelligence on Twitter and Instagram for digital inclusion Barroso-Moreno, C; Rayon-Rumayor, L and Garcia-Vera, AB Comunicar, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.3916/C74-2023-04

Blanco, MG; Olveira, MEO and Matos, SL. Migration, digital competence, and educational challenges REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE COMUNICACION Y DESARROLLO, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.15304/ricd.4.17.8756

Carratala, A. Disinformation and Sexual and Gender Diversity in Spain: Twitter Users' Response, and the Perception of LGBTQI plus Organisations SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040206

Goncalves, I. Promoting Hate Speech by Dehumanizing Metaphors of Immigration JOURNALISM PRACTICE, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2212661

Romero-Rodriguez, LM; Castillo-Abdul, B and Cuesta-Valino, P. The Process of the Transfer of Hate Speech to Demonization and Social Polarization POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i2.6663

Sanchez-Holgado, P; Arcila-Calderon, C and Gomes-Barbosa, M. Hate Speech and Polarization Around the "Trans Law" in Spain POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i2.6374

Marques, ACS and Martino, LMS. From political hatred to non-violence as a force: a reflection based on Judith Butler's thinking REVISTA COMUNICACAO MIDIATICA, 2022.

Link Google Scholar

Juangarcia, RL; Adarraga, AA and Jaso, MFN. The Constructive Role of the Media in Hate Speech Controversies: The Valtonyc and Hasel Cases JOURNALISM PRACTICE, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2242818

Citas em Scopus

Castellví, J., Massip Sabater, M., González-Valencia, G.A., Santisteban, A.. Future teachers confronting extremism and hate speech), Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, .

https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01222-4

Blanco-Alfonso, I., Rodríguez-Fernández, L., Arce-García, S.. Polarization and hate speech with gender bias associated with politics: analysis of interactions on Twitter ), Revista de Comunicacion, .

https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.2-2022-A2

Román-San-Miguel, A., Olivares-García, F.J., Jiménez-Zafra, S.M.. Hate speech on Twitter during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021), Icono14, .

https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v20i2.1858

Arcila-Calderón, C., Amores, J.J., Sánchez-Holgado, P., (...), Vryzas, N., Oller Alonso, M.. How to Detect Online Hate towards Migrants and Refugees? Developing and Evaluating a Classifier of Racist and Xenophobic Hate Speech Using Shallow and Deep Learning), Sustainability, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013094

Barroso-Moreno, C., Rayon-Rumayor, L., García-Vera, A.B. . Big Data and Business Intelligence on Twitter and Instagram for digital inclusion), Comunicar, .

https://doi.org/10.3916/C74-2023-04

Piñeiro-Naval, V., Igartua, J.-J., Arcila-Calderón, C., González-Vázquez, A., Blanco-Herrero, D.. IBERO-AMERICAN RESEARCH ON POLITICAL COMMUNICATION FROM FRAMING THEORY (2015-2019)), Prisma Social, .

Link Google Scholar

Fuentes-Lara, C., Arcila-Calderón, C. . Islamophobic hate speech on social networks. An analysis of attitudes to Islamophobia on Twitter), Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion, .

https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.23044

Carratalá, Adolfo. Disinformation and Sexual and Gender Diversity in Spain: Twitter Users’ Response, and the Perception of LGBTQI+ Organisations Open Access Carratalá, A.), Social Sciences, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040206

Viegas, S.L.. Refugees from Africa and the Middle East in Portugal: Notes on access to housing and the right to the city), Cidades, .

https://doi.org/10.15847/cct.26570

Sánchez-Holgado, P., Amores, J.J., Blanco-Herrero, D. . Online Hate Speech and Immigration Acceptance: A Study of Spanish Provinces ), Social Sciences, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110515

Balbín, A.M., Caetano, N.S., Conde, M.Á., (...), Sánchez-Holgado, P., Sein-Echaluce, M.L. . Trends on Communication, Educational Assessment, Sustainable Development, Educational Innovation, Mechatronics and Learning Analytics at TEEM 2022 ), Lecture Notes in Educational Technology , .

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0942-1_73

Barbosa, M., Arcila, C.. The Discourse Against the LGTB Community in Social Networks and Its Relationship with Hate Crimes in Spain ), Lecture Notes in Educational Technology , .

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0942-1_145

Gonçalves, I.. Promoting Hate Speech by Dehumanizing Metaphors of Immigration Gonçalves, I. ), Journalism Practice, .

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2212661

Essalhi-Rakrak, A., Pinedo-González, R.. #EspañaInvadida. Disinformation and hate speech towards refugees on Twitter: A challenge for critical thinking), Profesional de la Informacion, .

https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.10

Sánchez‐holgado, P., Arcila‐calderón, C., Gomes‐barbosa, M.. Hate Speech and Polarization Around the “Trans Law” in Spain), Politics and Governance, .

https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i2.6374

Romero‐rodríguez, L.M., Castillo‐abdul, B., Cuesta‐valiño, P.. The Process of the Transfer of Hate Speech to Demonization and Social Polarization), Politics and Governance, .

https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i2.6663

González-Baquero, W., Amores, J.J., Arcila-Calderón, C.. The Conversation around Islam on Twitter: Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis of Tweets about the Muslim Community in Spain since 2015), Religions, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060724

de Bartolomé Rincón, I.M., Martín, B.R.. Analysis of Media Discourse and Social Audiences on Refugees in the Conflict in Ukraine), TRIPODOS, .

https://doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2022.53.03

Labiano Juangarcía, R., Azurmendi Adarraga, A., Novoa Jaso, M.F.. The Constructive Role of the Media in Hate Speech Controversies: The Valtònyc and Hasél Cases), Journalism Practice, .

https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2242818

Amores, J.J., Blanco-Herrero, D., Arcila-Calderón, C. . The Conversation around COVID-19 on Twitter—Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modelling to Analyse Tweets Published in English during the First Wave of the Pandemic), Journalism and Media, .

https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4020030

Gómez, J., Matilla-Molinav, A., Amado, M.P., (...), Méndez-Sanchís, A., López, J. . The interaction between offensive and hate speech on Twitter and relevant social events in Spain), News Media and Hate Speech Promotion in Mediterranean Countries, .

https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8427-2.ch006

Costa, S.M., Cantarero, T.N., Pérez, A.S., Rodríguez, J.J.V.. Are there hate speeches on Spanish television? Methodological proposal and content analysis over the 2020 year), News Media and Hate Speech Promotion in Mediterranean Countries, .

https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8427-2.ch010

Guillén-Nieto, V.. The wording of hate speech prohibition: "You can't see the wood for the trees"), From Fear to Hate: Legal-Linguistic Perspectives on Migration, .

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110789157-008

Citas em Google Scholar

Future teachers confronting extremism and hate speech J Castellví, M Massip Sabater… - Humanities and Social …, 2022 - nature.com

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-022-01222-4

El discurso de odio en Twitter durante la crisis migratoria de Ceuta en mayo de 2021 A Román-San-Miguel, FJ Olivares García… - Icono14, 20 (2), 2022 - idus.us.es

https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/137390

How to Detect Online Hate towards Migrants and Refugees? Developing and Evaluating a Classifier of Racist and Xenophobic Hate Speech Using Shallow and Deep … C Arcila-Calderón, JJ Amores, P Sánchez-Holgado… - Sustainability, 2022 - mdpi.com

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13094

Big Data y Business Intelligence en Twitter e Instagram para la inclusión digital C Barroso-Moreno, L Rayon-Rumayor… - … de Comunicación y …, 2023 - revistacomunicar.com

https://www.revistacomunicar.com/index.php?contenido=detalles&numero=74&articulo=74-2023-04

La investigación iberoamericana sobre comunicación política desde la teoría del encuadre (2015-2019) V Piñeiro-Naval, JJ Igartua… - Revista Prisma …, 2022 - revistaprismasocial.es

https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/4858

Polarización y discurso de odio con sesgo de género asociado a la política: análisis de las interacciones en Twitter I Blanco-Alfonso, L Rodríguez-Fernández… - Revista de …, 2022 - scielo.org.pe

http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S1684-09332022000200002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

Online Hate Speech and Immigration Acceptance: A Study of Spanish Provinces P Sánchez-Holgado, JJ Amores, D Blanco-Herrero - Social Sciences, 2022 - mdpi.com

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/11/515

El discurso de odio islamófobo en las redes sociales. Un análisis de las actitudes ante la islamofobia en Twitter C Fuentes-Lara, C Arcila-Calderón - 2023 - rua.ua.es

https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/130625

La investigación educativa como didáctica en la enseñanza de la posverdad. Análisis de contextos AN Masegosa - Revista de Propuestas Educativas, 2023 - propuestaseducativas.org

https://propuestaseducativas.org/index.php/propuestas/article/view/1000

Migración, competencia digital y retos educativos M González-Blanco, ME Olveira Olveira… - 2022 - minerva.usc.es

https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/handle/10347/30013

Análisis bifactorial y validez de constructo de la Escala de Percepción de Amenaza exogrupal frente a los inmigrantes VIH positivos en una muestra de adultos … FJR Quiroz, PSY Miranda, FF Canto… - Boletín de Malariología …, 2022 - iaes.edu.ve

http://iaes.edu.ve/iaespro/ojs/index.php/bmsa/article/view/636

Refugiados de África e do Médio Oriente em Portugal. Notas sobre o acesso à habitação e direito à cidade SL Viegas - Cidades. Comunidades e Territórios, 2022 - journals.openedition.org

https://journals.openedition.org/cidades/6506

Baixar

Métricas alternativas

Como citar

Arcila-Calderón, C., Sánchez-Holgado, P., Quintana-Moreno, C., Amores, J., & Blanco-Herrero, D. (2022). Hate speech and social acceptance of migrants in Europe: Analysis of tweets with geolocation. [Discurso de odio y aceptación social hacia migrantes en Europa: Análisis de tuits con geolocalización]. Comunicar, 71, 21-35. https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-02

Compartilhar

           

Oxbridge Publishing House

4 White House Way

B91 1SE Sollihul United Kingdom

Administração

Redação

Creative Commons

Este site usa cookies para obter dados estatísticos sobre a navegação de seus usuários. Se você continuar navegando, consideramos que você aceita seu uso. +info X