Palavras chave

COVID-19, bots políticos, polarização política, propaganda digital, opinião pública, análise de redes sociais

Resumo

Os contextos de polarização social e política estão gerando novas formas de comunicação que afetam a esfera pública digital. Nesses ambientes, diferentes atores sociais e políticos estariam contribuindo para posições extremas, usando “bots” para criar espaços de distanciamento social nos quais tanto o discurso de ódio quanto a “incivilidade” têm lugar, fenômeno que preocupa cientistas e especialistas. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o papel desempenhado por esses agentes automatizados no debate nas redes sociais sobre a gestão do Governo da Espanha durante a pandemia global do COVID-19. Para tal, foram aplicadas técnicas de «Social Big Data Analysis»: algoritmos de «machine learning» para conhecer o posicionamento dos utilizadores; algoritmos de detecção de bots; técnicas de «modelagem de tópicos» para descobrir os tópicos de debate na rede e análise de sentimentos. Foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por mensagens do Twitter publicadas durante o confinamento iniciado como resultado do estado de alarme espanhol. A principal conclusão é de que os “bots” podem ter sido usados para projetar uma campanha de propaganda política iniciada por atores tradicionais com o objetivo de aumentar a tensão em um ambiente de emergência social. Argumenta-se que, embora esses agentes não sejam os únicos atores que aumentam a polarização, eles contribuem para o debate extremo sobre certas questões-chave, aumentando a negatividade.

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Recebido: 04-10-2021

Revisado: 19-10-2021

Aceite: 03-12-2021

OnlineFirst: 01-02-2022

Data de publicação: 01-04-2022

Tempo de revisão do artigo: 15 dias | Tempo médio de revisão do número 71: 45 dias

Tempo de aceitação do artigo: 60 dias | Tempo médio de aceitação do número 71: 70 dias

Tempo de edição da pré-impressão: 134 dias | Tempo médio de edição pré-impressão do número 71: 144 dias

Tempo de processamento do artigo: 179 dias | Tempo médio de processamento do número 71: 189 dias

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Robles, J., Guevara, J., Casas-Mas, B., & Gómez, D. (2022). When negativity is the fuel. Bots and Political Polarization in the COVID-19 debate. [Cuando la negatividad es el combustible. Bots y polarización política en el debate sobre el COVID-19]. Comunicar, 71, 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-05

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