Volume index - Journal index - Article index - Map ---- Back
Media planner, Internet, online audiences, big data, digital media, skills, advertising agencies, advertising
Most authors agree that, with the deployment of technology, the arrival of the Internet and the consequent digitalization, the media ecosystem has been transformed in such a way that it will never again be the same (Livingstone, 1999; Salaverría & García-Avilés, 2008; Van-der-duff, 2008; Flores-Vivar, 2009; Cabrera, 2011; Cardoso, 2011; Martín-Guart & Fernández-Cavia, 2012; Perlado, 2013). In just over 20 years, the growth of the Internet in terms of audience penetration has gone from 1% (1996) to 75.7% (2017), occupying third place behind Television and Outdoor Advertising (AIMC, 2018) and second place in terms of advertising investment (Infoadex, 2018). At the same time, the arrival of the Internet involves disruptive innovation processes (Christensen, 2014) whereby new markets and values are established.
According to the global forecast, online content consumption will continue to grow. In “The State of Digital” (GroupM, 2018) it was announced that in 2018 the time dedicated to online media would exceed the time devoted to online television for the first time.
Furthermore, Zenith Media (2018) notes that the total investment in mobile advertising will grow annually by 19% until 2020, a figure that will represent over half of the online advertising investment and 29% of the entire advertising revenue. In turn, Advanced Television (US: Smartphone time to overtake TV in 2019, 2018), stresses that the combined advertising investment in desktop computers and mobile phones already exceeds the investment in television; although, some trends point to a decline in the use of smartphones due to the use of other more recent devices, such as smart speakers, portable accessories and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) headsets.
In television, audiences are declining, especially among young people, some of whom do not even have a traditional television set (Maheshwari & Koblin, 2018). In order to watch audiovisual content, they use an endless number of devices and applications, and everyday mobile SVOD (Subscription Video on Demand) services increase, which competes with traditional television. Indeed, for millennials, social networks have an enormous influence on their buying decisions, and many of them acquire fashion and beauty products, among other things, influenced by Instagram, giving great importance to the recommendations made by friends and influencers in these media (Pérez-Curiel & Luque, 2017).
Thus, the digital environment makes it possible to interact and innovate with new strategies not only to support the brand through advertising but also to prescribe it to other users in the networks (Del-Pino & Galán, 2010). In this sense, the social media audience ranking is published every year, and its growth continues to be remarkable. Four platforms have an audience of more than a billion users (Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, and LinkedIn) and Instagram will soon become the fifth (We are Social & Hootsuite, 2018).
At the same time, the huge supply of access to information and entertainment diversifies online audiences and leads to small segmentations (López-Vidales, 2005), opening increasingly more communicative options and imposing personalization and hyper-targeting (Ros, 2008), driven by growing information about the audience.
Technology developers and webcasting platforms enable the management of big data in order to get to know the audiences better and to optimize their content and marketing (Kantar Media, 2017; Canada Media Fund, 2018).
Consequently, changing media exposure and the technological drive stimulate reforms in all advertising communications (Schultz, 2016; Kuman & Gupta, 2016) and necessarily in the professional area that relates more closely to the media and their audiences; that of media planning.
This activity consists of a strategic decision-making process in which media formats are evaluated and selected to achieve the objectives of the advertising campaign most profitably and effectively possible (Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, 2006; Papí-Gálvez, 2017), although this discipline has evolved parallel to the common mutations of the field.
The media have been losing their primary characteristics, becoming content containers (Soengas, 2013), which have affected the drafting of the media plan, which has been transformed into a global communication solution integrating traditional and online media.
The focus of campaigns according to attitudinal variables of the target audience is also a usual request among researchers and professionals (Beales, 2010, Benavides, Villagra, Alameda, & Fernández, 2010; Katz, 2017).
Moreover, agencies have had to adapt to the arrival of new actors such as intermediaries between advertisers or agencies and media (Demand Side Platform: DSP), virtual buying/selling platforms for advertising spaces (Ad exchange), advertising networks, technological platforms for result optimization in the sale of advertising space (Supply Side Platform: SSP) and data suppliers, among others (IAB Spain, 2014).
Technology defines the current profiles, and professional roles (López-García, Rodriguez-Vázquez & Pereira-Fariña, 2017; Sánchez-Sánchez & Fernández-Cavia, 2018; IAB Spain 2018) and media planners also have to conform to the parameters of the new communication model. This profile, characterized by expertise in communication media, with analytical abilities to interpret marketing and communication problems, creative aptitudes, strategic vision, market research knowledge, as well as certain attributes for presentation, argumentation and staging (González-Lobo & Carrero-López, 1999; Sissors & Baron, 2010), has had to take on the mastery of the broad universe represented by the Internet; a liquid media without barriers or borders, meta-media, as Solana (2010) describes it, that matches consumption and multi-device exposure, adjusted audience measurement systems and new integration, negotiation and buying processes.
The change is such that foreseeably this professional not only has to increase his/her knowledge of digital deployment but also of tools and the acquisition of different skills to adapt to the current strategic planning model, taking on more strategic tasks and incorporating more skills regarding research and web analytics (Papí-Gálvez, 2014).
In light of the communicational and technological challenges described, in general, this study intends to find out whether the digital media have substantially modified the advertising media planning activity as well as the skills linked to the related professional profile. In particular, the study poses the following three objectives:
O1) To identify the main changes that have taken place in recent years (2000-2015) as a result of the digital media, especially regarding media planning in advertising; in the mechanics of work, techniques and roles.
O2) To delve into the knowledge, tools and transversal skills that are considered necessary for media planners in the digital society.
O3) To explore the adaptation of these professionals for the purpose of digital communication according to their professional careers, distinguishing intervals between 3 to 5 years of experience, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 and more than 20 years working in the sector.
Methodological triangulation was used, combining questionnaires, as a quantitative technique, and open interviews with experts, as a qualitative one. The survey showed which basic aspects of media planners' activity and their profiles had been affected by the digital deployment. In the open interviews, questions were asked about the changes produced in commercial communications and in the area of media planning, going into depth on the techniques, processes, and skills of the planner's profile.
The State Collective Bargaining Convention for Advertising Companies defines the media planner as “the person who establishes the media strategy to be used in the campaigns, according to the planned objectives and according to their profitability, coverage and client’s budget” (Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security, 2016: 10487). Additionally, this convention includes other profiles related to media such as that of the media director/strategic media planner, planning manager, head of media buying or media buyer. In this research, the generic term "media planner" was used as an umbrella term for all the cited profiles.
The universe was defined as media planners working in the Autonomous Community of Madrid and who have at least three years of experience in media agencies.
In the absence of an official registration for these professionals, the Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS) of the National Statistics Institute (INE) was used to quantify them1, as well as the study “Radiografía de la Industria Publicitaria” (X-ray of the Advertising Industry) (2009) by the General Association of Advertising Companies (AGEP) and the National Federation of Advertising Companies (FNEP)2, and the report by the Observatorio de la Publicidad (Advertising Observatory) (2016). The analysis “Best Place to Work” by Scopen (2015) was also used, in which it was stated that 44.8% of the 427 interviews conducted with professionals were planners (Scopen, 2015).
The agencies themselves were consulted to learn the percentage of planners in their organizations3, obtaining an average of 37.8%. It was determined that 41% of media agency workers in Spain could be planners, which represented 6,519 professionals. As 37.9% of the advertising companies were located in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (AGEP, 2009), this yielded a total of 2,471 professionals.
Applying the minimum age filter of 25 and 26 years, the universe was set at 2,372 planners in this Autonomous Community with a minimum of three years of experience in the sector. In order to determine the sample, standard social research criteria were used (Figure 1).
The semi-structured questionnaire was self-administered online. In order to send it, a specialized digital platform was chosen, and email was used for its dissemination, aided by the previous contact by the researchers through snowball sampling. The fieldwork for the questionnaire was carried out between November 2016 and January 2017.
The response rate was 42%, with 167 responses to the questionnaire. From these, 140 were used as valid; a representative sample of the universe assuming a final margin of error of 8%.
The questionnaire began with personal identification questions: sex, age, years of experience as a planner, a position held, professional tasks within the organization and the agency where he/she carries out his/her work. The following questions were aimed at the changes in the design and the formulation of the strategy and the media plan resulting from the emergence of digital media. It also deepened the planners’ belief about the transformation of his profile after the technological development and expansion of the Internet. The questionnaire also included changes in knowledge, tools and transversal skills.
A non-probabilistic convenience sampling technique was applied. Within the profile of the universe defined for the study, professionals with a work environment in both traditional and digital areas were sought in order to observe their approach according to this typology. Furthermore, professionals holding different positions were selected from different agencies, with a minimum experience of ten years and a vision for analyzing the evolution in the processes and skills.
In accordance with the purpose of qualitative techniques, the theoretical significance of the sample was sought through the selection of relevant traits among the professionals, which are guarantors of an adequate formulation of questionnaire items and which facilitated the explanation of the descriptive and quantitative data.
Five experts were interviewed (Table 1). The first four interviews were conducted during the month of October 2016 and the last one was carried out in June 2018, with the aim of verifying that the results were up to date.
Almost all respondents said their work had changed since the digital deployment (94%). This transformation had been experienced in most stages of the planning process, but mainly in the definition of milestones and target audience, selection and recommendation of media/supports, purchase, monitoring and evaluation of the campaign, the latter aspect being where the greatest variation was perceived.
In relation to the knowledge acquired or updated for their usual work, those derived from new work processes (82%) and web analytics (73%) stood out. Respondents mentioned knowledge about media and audience studies to a lesser extent.
The in-depth interviews revealed the importance of transformations in work mechanics, in addition to data capture and management; both aspects closely linked to the commitment to a better integration of media in strategies, accompanied by a greater specialization in digital communication: “There has been an important change: first, with the emergence of the technology layer, and second, the data layer. This has altered the processes significantly” (Herrero). “There are indeed specialists in each medium, there are specialists in digital, but that person also sees the whole. There is increasingly more specialization (...). Now there are five or six digital disciplines, but everything is integrated within the same team” (Díaz).
Another important change was the immediacy of the Internet and technological development that enables action implementation in real time so that the timing of the processes is reduced, and as soon as information related to results is received, changes can be made: "You are able to make campaign decisions, I will not say every minute, but indeed every day (…). We are in a business that seems more like a stock market trading business of operating campaigns than buying or intermediating media (…). From the monitoring viewpoint, I believe that we have advanced considerably. Going back to the way a campaign was traditionally done in Excel (and sending it), today there are tools like Datorama, which is a dashboard model in which you are able to integrate that set of things” (Estévez). “Now one learns about what is working and, in real time, changes are made to the same plan” (Díaz).
According to the respondents, with the emergence of a greater number of actors, processes become more complex. Also, the digital boost leads to the development of new techniques used as part of the planning activity, such as programmatic buying, which experts agreed was revolutionizing digital media. In particular, they noted that it affected the online medium in the purely tactical process of purchasing within planning: “Programmatic buying has changed a lot in digital planning, more than in other media (...) because it is a more efficient way to optimize coverage” (Pérez).
In the work process, there is still a need to focus on the effectiveness and efficiency of the actions to be performed. Without losing sight of the results, big data management is presented as one of the critical aspects for econometric models, central to decision-making. This management contributes to more audience-oriented planning: “The top advertisers have their own econometric models; in the end what they do is try to anticipate knowing what works best to generate sales” (Díaz). “The data allows you to obtain a lot of information in order to make models and analyses to elicit business ‘learnings’” (Pérez). “What you do in the ‘data lake’ is structure it, in some way clean it and extract information to create qualified audiences, in order to activate them through the DMP4 in different legs of communication” (Castellanos).
With regard to skills related to the mastery of tools, respondents stressed the need for better management of programs specific to digital media planning (77%). In addition, nearly half stated that data exploitation software for market studies have greater importance in the digital environment. They emphasized the use of tools to improve data analysis, visualize results or as support in the presentation of campaigns. Some examples are the Data Management Platforms that allow classification or segmentation (creation of clusters) and can facilitate the application of allocation models.
Regarding the generic skills, respondents stressed innovation capacity and the need to adapt media function to a more multidisciplinary and multimedia framework, typical of the global and digital environment (Figure 2). Within client service teams there are specialists from different disciplines of digital communication (SEO, SEM, mobile...), as well as more statistical or mathematical profiles, responsible for the data sector. Multidisciplinarity is a relevant aspect that the experts also explained during the interviews:
“We all have to become multidisciplinary, with respect to understanding and knowing how to manage different disciplines (...). The specialists in each medium are necessary, but from the brand viewpoint, it does not make sense to parcel out the recommendations, the vision, or the approach” (Herrero).
“Being multidisciplinary takes on much more relevance now, in the sense of understanding that there are people with very different training when producing a global strategy that has (...) different cases: special actions in television, special activation that unites television, radio and digital... The greater the multidisciplinary training of people, the richer the strategies and the activations that are produced (...)” (Díaz).
In addition, both survey respondents and experts insisted on the indispensable inclusion of analytical and strategic profiles, in addition to the ability to provide solutions tailored to the client's objectives: “An analytical or technology profile, that has that customer service part” (Herrero). “People who have good analytical skills (...). In addition to mathematics, I would like to find those analytical profiles with the capacity to understand the business and the customers, and who are able to transform all that knowledge into something understandable, by agency teams and by customers” (Castellanos).
Pursuant to this last statement, other experts highlighted the lack of experience of the more technical professionals in dealing with the client; although they grow rapidly in their area and professional career, they do not seem to develop a strategic approach linked to commercial objectives at the same pace. However, it would be possible to provide these professionals with specialized business training.
The analysis of changes produced in the planners’ profile in relation to their experience showed that the longer the career in the sector, the higher the need for broadening or updating knowledge on new processes and work methodologies.
A priority need for all the ranks studied is the need to increase web analytics knowledge, with little difference when compared to concerns about processes and working methods.
In particular, the experts also stressed the areas of analytics and programmatic advertising as specific knowledge that they must broaden as a result of the digital media: “Although I began in digital, I have changed; the entire subject of programmatic advertising and analytics reached me when I had some years of experience, when you believe you have already learned” (Herrero). "I always talk about performance and programmatic buying, which are quite technical areas, because nowadays there is a great tendency to look for this type of strategy and it seems that it has a technical part that you have to know. I have a lot to learn there”. (Perez)
Mastery of media planning tools is the most relevant specific area at all levels of practice. The greater the experience, the greater the need to manage new software related to marketing intelligence technologies (Figure 4): “for them to know other types of technologies which is what we have today, all the Salesforce environments, Adobe..”. (Castellanos).
Market study exploitation programs concerned the more junior planners, with a maximum of five years of experience, since this is when they learn to manage them.
In relation to personal skills, those professionals with a longer career track display a higher level of concern regarding the adaptation to new work processes and methodologies of the digital environment (Figure 5), while the innovative capacity and creativity, followed by strategy, are considered more necessary for those with six to ten years of experience: “this changes a lot, I consider those abilities or skills of adaptability and restlessness to be up to date more important” (Castellanos).
In junior planners, organization and time planning skills become more relevant, followed by analytical skills and adaptation to new multimedia and multidisciplinary environments.
This research delves into the identification of the main changes produced in media planning by the impact of digital media. Therefore, it deals with the competence review of one of the most prominent and interesting communicational profiles in the advertising sector of digital societies. Its results contribute to the understanding of the disruptive processes of digital transformation and can help update and guide university programs.
The empirical position is presented as one of its main strengths, by approaching the study of this reality through the experience of active professionals. The limitations that arise from the quantitative methodology applied, an online survey, are reduced with the application of quality criteria aimed at optimizing data collection, such as the delimitation of the observation to one of the communities that gathers a large number of media agencies. Likewise, the profile of the respondent confers guarantees in the completion of the questionnaire, since it constitutes a qualified group, acquainted with digital communication. Triangulation also adds value to quantitative analysis, facilitating the achievement of the three objectives pursued and offering, as a whole, conclusive results.
In light of professionals' responses, the Internet and technological progress does indeed entail substantial changes both in media planning work processes and in the update of knowledge and skills.
The digital media affect the entire known work dynamics, accelerating processes, but the essential changes are produced by the technological innovations applied to the capture and management of digital data and to the automation of space purchase; aspects that modify work team profiles and generate a corresponding demand for knowledge and skills.
On the one hand, with respect to big data, this would represent the technological component of the activity, which contributes to better audience knowledge, thereby to the design of the strategies. Companies then have their own tools, and working groups focused on research and modeling, in line with the findings of studies on digital communication of innovation in media agencies (Papí-Gálvez, 2015). Today's planners stress the importance of specialized knowledge of marketing intelligence and media management programs. The analysis and report of campaign monitoring and results also become more complex because of the availability of data, often unstructured, that needs to be processed. Everything must be measured, so current planners must master, among other aspects, the metric fundamentals of the digital environment, among which those related to web analytics stand out.
On the other hand, the emergence of new intermediaries in the digital activity, as in programmatic purchasing, requires greater conciliation of the professionals involved in the planning and purchasing processes; although it is not the most outstanding implication. The automation of these processes usually includes the possibility of displaying advertising in sync with content that is being consumed by a user. This function, which normally extends to the whole medium given its peculiarities, offers the opportunity to direct the planning towards audiences definitively and to capture them in real time, eliminating the previous selection of supports, which occupies a large part of the work of offline planning.
Thus, due to their technological profile, part of the competencies known as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) occupy workplace positions in coexistence with the communicational ones, inherent to the activity of the advertising media planner.
Technology stimulates the creation of multidisciplinary and multimedia work teams, where planners must integrate different disciplines with a wide range of actions and formats, such as "online" media, search engines, social media, "digital signage" and "mobile”, among others, coordinated with professionals from different disciplines. Studies on digital profiles in Advertising and Public Relations also highlight this hybrid nature of the sector, through the analysis of job offers in specialized portals (Álvarez-Flores, Núñez-Gómez & Olivares-Santamaría, 2018).
A global view of the whole process is necessary. The strategic component remains a priority and defines the activity's performance, as an important part of advertising communication. The effect of digital media on the strategic phase of the media function does not, in fact, change the approach itself, but takes place in the proposals, i.e., in the design of concrete strategies, which know how to exploit the potential of the digital environment. In addition, the results of this study indicate that, in the face of this new ecosystem, it is possibly more necessary to activate the capacity for innovation that was already present in the proposal for creative media plans (Sissors & Baron, 2010), with the intention of generating value or some competitive advantage.
Consequently, while professionals in this field of specialization must now acquire knowledge of data exploration tools and techniques that optimize actions and facilitate the visualization of post-campaign results, they must also be able to provide communication solutions based on effectiveness and efficiency, adapted to the new model. The specificities of digital environments demand, in short, specialized but also connected knowledge.
According to this study, there is no doubt that the advent of the digital society substantially modifies the conditions under which traditional media planning operates; but this transformation does not entail a loss of the importance of the media function in advertising, quite the contrary. The responses of the professionals in this study support the reflections reflected in other texts (Perlado- Lamo de Espinosa & Rubio-Romero, 2009; Papí-Gálvez, 2014). The media planner profile, whose definition seemed to be anchored in the most operational part of the activity, is broadened by integrating research and analysis skills. In addition, audience orientation decreases the tactical stage in favor of the strategic phase.
However, despite the transformations that the planner's profile has already undergone, it is evident that the planner remains immersed in the process of change. The analytical capacity and the overall vision, enhanced by the ability to create and innovate, are competencies identified as priorities in current planning, which is fed by hybrid profiles, technological and communicational, to provide effective solutions.
In short, the media planner gives way to the media expert, who, while including the operational approach of the former, also highlights the knowledge and skills needed to perform this activity in today's societies.
1 The EAPS recorded 103,500 persons in the advertising sector according to the National Classification of Economic Activities of Spain CNAE 09-73 (CNAE, 2016).
2 A leading company. It carries out market analyses in communication, marketing and advertising (www.scopen.com).
3 Twenty percent of the companies registered in the National Classification of Economic Activities in Spain (CNAE) belonged to media agencies, so this percentage was applied to obtain the approximate number of employees that these companies had (Scopen 2015). In order to estimate the number of planners within them, Carat, Equmedia, Forward, Havas Media, Initiative and Maxus were consulted.
4 Data Management Platform (DMP) is a tool that allows aggregating and centralizing different types of data that are obtained from the actions in different communication vehicles.
This paper is prepared with the collaboration of “Digital Communication and New Scenarios” of Innecom, from the Nebrija University of Madrid, and in E-COM, from the University of Alicante. Partially financed by “Transformation of Cultural and Creative Industries in Spain: Digital Change, Competitiveness, Employment and to Social Wellbeing Contribution in Horizon 2020” (CSO2013-42822-R) (IP Marcial Murciano) of the Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness.
Advance Television (Ed.) (2018) US: Smartphone time to overtake TV in 2019. http://bit.ly/2Mg5eUk
AIMC (Ed.) (2018). Marco General de los Medios en España 2018. Madrid: Asociación para la Investigación de los Medios de Comunicación. https://bit.ly/2Dh0AET
Álvarez-Flores, E.P., Núñez-Gómez, P., & Olivares-Santamaría, J.O. (2018). Perfiles profesionales y salidas laborales para graduados en Publicidad y Relaciones públicas: de la especialización a la hibridación. El profesional de la información, 27(1), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.ene.13
Asociación General de Empresas de Publicidad & Federación Nacional de Empresas de Publicidad (Eds.)(2009). Radiografía del sector publicitario. Madrid: AGEP. https://bit.ly/2RedLxG
Beales, H. (2010). The value of behavioral Targeting. Network Advertising Initiative. http://bit.ly/2wXNJ6J
Benavides-Delgado, J., Villagra-García, N., Alameda-García, D., & Fernández-Blanco, E. (2010). Spanish advertisers and the new communication context: A qualitative approach. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social 65, 159-175. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-65-2010-890-159-175-en
Cabrera-González, M. (Coord. ) (2010). Evolución tecnológica y cibermedios. Sevilla: Comunicación Social.
Canada Media Fundation (Ed.) (2018). Informe de tendencias 2018. El choque del presente. http://bit.ly/2QflhoJ
Cardoso, G. (2011). Más allá de Internet y de los medios de comunicación de masas, Telos (86), 1-10. http://bit.ly/2wZEtyD
Christensen, C.M. (2014). Disruptive innovation. In M. Soegaard & R.F. Dam (Eds.), The encyclopedia of human-computer interaction (2nd ed.). Aarhus, Denmark: The Interaction Design Foundation. http://bit.ly/2oSBrrF
CNAE (Ed.) (2016). Código Nacional de Actividades Económicas. https://bit.ly/2O945jm
Del-Pino-Romero, C., & Galán-Fajardo, E. (2010). Internet y los nuevos consumidores. El nuevo modelo publicitario. Telos (84), 55-64. http://bit.ly/2wY3SJm
Flores-Vivar, J.M. (2009). New models of communication, profiles and trends in social networks. [Nuevos modelos de comunicación, perfiles y tendencias en las redes sociales]. Comunicar, 33(XVII), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3916/c33-2009-02-007
González-Lobo, M.A. & Carrero-López, E. (1999). Manual de Planificación de medios. Madrid: ESIC.
GroupM (Ed.) (2018). The State of Digital Resport. April 2018. http://bit.ly/2N0gtWj
IAB Spain (Ed.) (2014). Libro Blanco de Compra Programática. Madrid: IAB Spain. http://bit.ly/2NuaOY4
IAB Spain (Ed.)(2018). Estudio del mercado laboral en marketing digital. Madrid: IAB Spain. https://bit.ly/2rAU9FG
Infoadex (Ed.) (2018). Estudio Infoadex de inversión publicitaria en España 2018. Madrid: Infoadex. https://bit.ly/2Iu9u14
Kantar Media (Ed.) (2017). Dimensión. Planificar en un mundo disruptivo. http://bit.ly/2oQMLo2
Katz, H. (2017). The Media Handbook. A complete guide to advertising media selection, planning, research, and buying (6th Ed.). New York: Routledge.
Kumar, V., & Gupta, S. (2016). Conceptualizing the evolution and future of advertising. Journal of Advertising, 45: 3, 302-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1199335
Livingstone, S. (1999). New media, new audience? New Media & Society, 1(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444899001001010
López-García, X., Rodríguez-Vázquez, A.I. & Pereira-Fariña, X. (2017). Competencias tecnológicas y nuevos perfiles profesionales: desafíos del periodismo actual. [Technological skills and new professional profiles: present challenges for journalism]. Comunicar, 53(XXV), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-08
López-Vidales, N. (2005). Los medios audiovisuales en el tercer milenio. Atrapados en la ‘tela de araña’. Telos 62, 72-80. http://bit.ly/2N1ThqI
Maheshwari, S. & Koblin J. (2018). May, 3. Why traditional tv is in trouble. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/2N0IJrY
Martín-Guart, R.F., & Fernández-Cavia, J. (2012). La digitalización como eje de transformación de las agencias de medios españolas. Pensar la Publicidad, 6(2), 427-445. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_PEPU.2012.v6.n2.41243
Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social (Ed.) (2016). Boletín Oficial del Estado, 35, 10485-10487. http://bit.ly/2NvuT07
Observatorio de la Publicidad en España (Ed.) (2016). La comunicación comercial en cambio permanente. Asociación Española de Anunciantes (AEA). Madrid: ESIC.
Papí-Gálvez, N. (2014). Los medios online y la ¿crisis? de la planificación de medios publicitarios. AdComunica, 7, 29-48. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2014.7.3
Papí-Gálvez, N. (2015). Nuevos medios y empresas innovadoras. El caso de las agencias de medios. El Profesional de la Información, 24(3), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.may.10
Papí-Gálvez, N. (2017). Investigación y Planificación de medios publicitarios. Madrid: Síntesis.
Pérez-Curiel, C., & Luque-Ortiz, S. (2018). El marketing de influencia en moda. Estudio del nuevo modelo de consumo en Instagram de los millennials universitarios. adComunica,15, 255-281. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2018.15.13
Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, M. & Rubio-Romero, J. (2009). ¿Qué competencias exige el sector publicitario a los nuevos profesionales de la comunicación comercial?: Un acercamiento a las actitudes y habilidades de los titulados en Publicidad. In M. Martín-Llaguno, & A. Hernández-Ruiz (Coords.), Los límites de la comunicación comercial y la comunicación comercial al límite. Reflexiones sobre los discursos, procesos y experiencias. Madrid: Asociación Española de Agencias de Publicidad.
Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, M. (2006). Planificación de medios de comunicación de masas. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, M. (2013). Nuevas oportunidades en la comunicación digital. Nuevos perfiles y competencias. In I. De-Salas, & E. Mira (Coords.), Prospectivas y tendencias para la comunicación en el siglo XXI. Madrid: CEU Ediciones.
Ros-Diego, V. (2008). Branding en la era Web 2.0. Actas del IX Foro de Otoño de Comunicación. Madrid: Edipo.
Salaverría, R., & García-Avilés, J.A. (2008). La convergencia tecnológica de los medios de comunicación: retos para el periodismo. Trípodos 23, 31-47. http://bit.ly/2QkEVzS
Sánchez-Sánchez, C., & Fernández-Cavia, J. (2018). Percepción de profesionales y académicos sobre los conocimientos y competencias necesarios en el publicitario actual. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 73, 228-263. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1254
Schultz, D. (2016). The future of advertising or whatever we're going to call it. Journal of Advertising, 45(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1185061
Scopen (Ed.) (2015). Best Place to Work 2015: Agencias de medios. Grupo Consultores. http://bit.ly/2CKZUcf
Sissors, J.Z., & Baron, R.B. (2010). Advertising media planning (7th ed.). New York: McGrawHill.
Soengas, X. (2013). Retos de la radio en los escenarios de la convergencia digital. adComunica, 5, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2013.5.3
Solana, D. (2010). Postpublicidad. Reflexiones sobre una nueva cultura publicitaria en la era digital (2ª ed.). Barcelona: Doubleyou.
Van-der-duff, R. (2008). The impact of the Internet on media content. In l. Kung, R.G. Picard & R. Towse (Eds.), The Internet and Mass Media. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216316.n4
We are Social & Hootsuite (Ed.)(2018). Digital in 2018: Essential insight into Internet, social media, mobile ans ecommerce ise aroubd the world. We are Social & Hootsuite. http://bit.ly/2O2VJJW
Zenith Media (Ed.)(2018). Advertising expenditure forecasts March 2018. Executive summar. http://bit.ly/2oVU2D3