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Dissemination, education, science, children, games, learning, motivation, characters
Society is facing increasing challenges in terms of capacity-building in science, technology and innovation in the face of technological, economic, environmental, political and social change. Faced with this context, children must be encouraged to develop capacities that will enable them to recognize and become involved in the progress of the globalized world. The demands of a sustainable society, megatrends (Lay-Arellano, Salas, & al.., 2016), artificial intelligence and its contribution to Industry 4.0, geopolitical changes, among other aspects require citizens with new thought patterns, more sophisticated skills and abilities (Gidley, 2010) in different aspects, both scientific, technological, regulatory and business-related, among others (Jerman, Peji?-Bach, & Bertoncelj, 2018). They also need high levels of education and accessibility to information, allowing them to understand the use of resources and develop new approaches to change, i.e. a critical and participatory citizenship (Díez-Gutiérrez & Díaz-Nafría, 2018).
Within the trends that generate these new dynamics we can highlight how the knowledge economy has led to a need to create an innovative environment in countries with a knowledge-based economy (Olaya-Escobar, Berbegal-Mirabent, & Duarte, 2014). Thus, the strategies that enable the transformation, transfer and appropriation of knowledge and technology have focused on the articulation of the three actors that make up national innovation systems: universities, as knowledge generators; companies, which apply that knowledge to offer new and better solutions to society's needs; and finally the state, in charge of regulating and encouraging transfer policies (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000).
Thus, the dissemination of science becomes a determining aspect to meet societal challenges in a context that is continually changing. In this setting, children are key to create new co-existence lessons because of their abilities, level of environmental awareness, creativity and ease of learning. Some authors recognize that generating learning spaces for children where there is interest in science, technology, research and innovation is fundamental in the context of 21st century education. Evidence suggests that the school stage is ideal for awakening and maintaining vocational interest in disciplines such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) (Ocumpaugh, San Pedro, Lai, Baker, & Borgen, 2016).
Based on the previous context and the changes involved in strengthening the capacities and skills of citizens and specifically those of children to face and take advantage of current challenges, this article proposes an educational tool for scientific dissemination, based on visual communication to bring children closer to science. This work is organized in five parts: the first, aimed at the contextualization based on the literature and theoretical references related to strategies for science learning and motivation in children. The second, focused on the identification and selection of scientific characters, and the construction of a database to compile relevant information about each character and to identify labels, categories and criteria. The third part is dedicated to the design of an outreach strategy based on the creation of cards about outstanding figures in the scientific field. The fourth section covers the analysis of results, and the fifth and final part offers conclusions and recommendations.
At a global level, initiatives have been developed to encourage interest in science. In the United States, teachers have been urged to integrate scientific and engineering practices in science teaching, promoting learning in children and motivating them towards science activities (Guzey, Moore, Harwell, & Moreno, 2016). In Germany, the concept of ‘Bildung’ has been applied to refer to reflective actions, self-education, citizenship training and responsibility for the subject from a proposal of transformative learning around scientific knowledge (Sjoestroem, Frerichs, Zuin, & Eilks, 2017). From a different perspective, Bevan (2017) proposed ‘Doing’ as a productive way of teaching and learning science, directing it to the design of physical and virtual parts related to STEM areas (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics), seeking to encourage creativity and design in science and engineering practices. Thus, experimentation, investigation, interpretation, discussion and evaluation in spaces of scientific training classes, allows schoolchildren to have a positive attitude towards STEM areas (Bogdan & Greca, 2016). Currently, the need to prepare primary students under the STEM approach is strong, and requires implementing technology in learning experiences; therefore, STEM-based pedagogical units are proposed, based on research that can be implemented in existing programs, addressing the creation of new didactic strategies that meet learning needs, where interactive designs and participation are essential (Schmidt & Fulton, 2016).
These 21st century learning strategies for children are developed taking into account technology, new media and information and the different ways of relating to each other. Allison and Goldston (2018) found in their research that scientific activities are enriched by multi-literacies and scientific practices. It is understood as a new literacy proposal in which the use of language must be considered according to the different social and cultural situations, developed in technologies and the media, connecting them with an active participation on the part of the child in tying knowledge to the context. In addition, Roth and Lee (2004) propose a scientific literacy based on daily life, that is, an approach to the scientific world from the family, the community and its problems, with an emphasis on showing science as something close and with multiple possibilities outside of school.
Castro et al. (2015) argue that there should be an environment that promotes scientific literacy and fosters research, highlighting students’ strengths and identifying needs that lead to the application of concepts to everyday life and the understanding of nature on the basis of science, thus achieving the promotion of transferable skills and management of technological tools through strategies related to games and social networks; particularly successful activities in young people who are not interested in STEM areas (Gilliam, Jagoda, Fabiyi, Lyman, Wilson, Hill, & Bouris, 2017).
In his ‘the three rings ‘model, Renzulli (1978) indicates that giftedness is a condition that can be developed if there is an appropriate interaction between the person, his/her environment or particular area of work. This model proposes ‘the grouping of traits that characterize highly productive people’ and identifies three interrelated traits that define a gifted individual. These are above average overall ability, high level of commitment and motivation, and high level of creativity.
Previous studies show that children's motivation towards scientific knowledge is important to develop their learning and critical spirit, so that they can explore the world around them through research (Campanario, 1999) and can think about and propose possible solutions to problems in their context, thus, stimulating the generation of ideas, creativity and the ability to propose solutions; these are key elements in learning, and fundamental elements to promote in children the traits that characterize highly productive people.
There are countless activities to generate motivation for science such as: thematic camps, which evidenced that ‘students need to be exposed to diverse scientific experiences during their learning process, in formal or non-formal educational spaces, so that they can develop a more realistic and general image of scientists and understand their role and function in society’ (Vendrasco, Gallardo, Guzmán, & Santibáñez, 2017: 1683). On the other hand, there is role-play, which has allowed students to advocate their positions within the dynamics of the game, discuss and reflect from the information provided (Agell, Soria, & Carrió, 2015). Another activity consists of didactic sequences in non-conventional spaces such as scientific and technological museums (Cardona-Vásquez, Correa-Magaña, Sánchez, & Ríos-Atehortúa, 2017). Within this set of activities, the work of Scogin (2016) stands out. Using an interactive platform, he managed to get science students to work on projects within their classrooms, in collaboration with scientific mentors from all over the world through the Internet. His study determined that student motivation is fundamental to the success of the program and this was achieved through scientific practice via experiments and contact with scientists who were in permanent interaction with them addressing concerns and encouraging them in the process. This set of experiences on the web has proven to be successful and has received international recognition (Scogin, 2016). Price et al. (2016), after involving play in science learning, showed an improvement in attitudes towards science, strengthening the ability to identify biological systems and their functioning, based on a methodology using educational charts as a learning tool; thus, demonstrating that these didactic strategies help improve student performance over traditional methods. The evaluation results of the educational card game showed that students consider the game in general very satisfactory as a complementary strategy to reinforce the knowledge and skills acquired (Gutierrez, 2014).
Within the strategies to bring children closer to science, there were also those based on the inspirational component achieved through life stories that can become a point of connection between the present and the past and a way to study and understand the changes and the people who have made it possible. Recognizing that there are people who have made great contributions throughout history can be a great motivational reference. Within these experiences, the work of Hwang (2015) who analyzed motivation towards natural sciences, after working with the biography of nine scientists in this area, stands out. This research shows that students achieve greater motivation and attitudes towards learning science through activities that generate interaction, promote creativity and break with the traditional way of teaching. In this regard, one might think that ‘if an individual is interested in science and has an enriched learning environment, he/she might be interested in science in the future’ (Castro-Rojas, Acuna-Zuniga, & Fonseca-Ugalde, 2015: 722). However, within this context of experiences and strategies the use of images has been identified as a means to achieve: a) The comprehension of abstract contents that are difficult to interpret (Otero, & Greca, 2004); b) The motivation to learn and deepen with complementary readings (Alonso-Tapia, & Vergara, 2005); c) The presentation of new concepts; d) The promotion of the recollection of the contents learned and taught (Llorente-Cámara, 2000); e) The cultivation of authentic communication in the classroom and related to daily life; f) The stimulation of the imagination and expression of emotions; g) The activation of previous knowledge (Rigo, 2014); h) The curiosity to approach scientific subjects, which also helps in the understanding of areas such as astronomy (Lee & Feldman, 2015).
The object of this work is the design of an educational tool for scientific dissemination, based on highly graphic biographical cards and a game as a tool to consolidate the motivational play strategy. The purpose is to bring children (7 to 10 years old) closer to science through the recognition of relevant characters and their contributions. This is achieved through the construction of a semantic network for the description of the character according to his/her profile, place of origin, time and context in which he/she lived, his/her contributions and impacts, recognitions or awards and contextual barriers and limitations to which he/she was exposed.
This research was carried out in three phases. The first and second by means of an interpretative qualitative approach based on the analysis of content as a method. The first phase involves the review and selection of documents related to the topic of scientific dissemination for children. The second focuses on the identification and selection of scientific characters, which have been considered geniuses because their contributions have had universal impact and have been a reference point in the field of knowledge (Gardner, 1993). The third consisted of the strategy design based on the construction of biographical cards and the game ‘Sapiencia’ as a ludic and motivational tool.
The review and selection of documents related to the topic of scientific dissemination for children was carried out using Scopus and Web of Science as the main databases, using the keywords: ‘scientific education’, ‘diffusion or appropriation of science’, ‘science for children’, ‘play and science’, ‘game and learn’ and ‘investigation for children’. From these, the search equation was proposed, which allowed the collection of 317 articles related to the design and practice of non-conventional science learning strategies. The organization and analysis of the documentation was conducted using the bibliographic reference manager Mendeley.
Among the unconventional dissemination strategies that seek to bring children closer to science through the recognition of scientists, we can highlight those related to collectible cards such as: a) ‘Collectible cards’; the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) launched a series of collectible cartoon cards of inventors to recognize patent holders of various origins (https://bit.ly/2Sppx4O). There are also card games: b) ‘Dones científiques, 30 segles de desigualtat’ is a deck that pays tribute to science pioneers and makes their work visible (Roca, Moreno-Parejas, & Laporta, 2017); c) ‘Top female scientists’ is a card game that seeks to pay tribute to the work done by women in the field of science throughout history (Wakeford & Clark, 2018); d) ‘Women in science’ offers models for young people to encourage them to study science careers; through the game, you can learn about the contributions of female scientists (Charles & Fries, 2015).
For this phase, a database was built that compiled information on 374 characters and involved the assignment of labels, categories and criteria for their classification and subsequent selection. The information was collected through articles on the web oriented towards the recognition of scientific personalities such as: a) Women with science, a blog about women scientists. This is part of the science dissemination activities of the Chair of Scientific Culture that seeks to promote scientific and technological knowledge in Basque society; b) The USPTO which has generated spaces for the dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge for children, young people, elementary and secondary school teachers; c) ‘Lifeder’, a site specialized in psychology, personal development and general health; d) Cognovisual which has a space called ‘Invisible Women’, made up of a sample of posters about the life, challenges and contributions of women who made valuable contributions to humanity's knowledge. Additionally, there are academic works, like the one by Gutiérrez (2017) who seeks to highlight the work of women who have been inventors in order to encourage them to consider engineering as their profession. In his book (2012), Claramunt compiles life stories of women dedicated to science emphasizing their contributions and the problems they faced. Roca and others (2017) present a proposal in which they emphasize the importance of learning by playing through a deck of cards with 52 characters, approached from pedagogy and didactics.
The last stage was dedicated to the design of highly graphic cards about outstanding people in the scientific field, highlighting the following elements: the profile and context of the character, their contributions to knowledge and impacts on technological development, and recognitions or awards that were granted and contextual barriers or limitations that faced. From the cards, the game ‘Sapiencia’ was proposed as a ludic and motivational tool through the recognition of relevant characters and their respective contributions to science.
With the documentation compiled, a qualitative information analysis was performed using ATLAS TI in order to conduct an exploratory analysis of contents and generate the semantic network, which made it possible to identify the labels that give rise to the categories and selection criteria. Figure 1 shows the semantic network generated and the categories and criteria, according to the terms of greatest relevance in the analyzed documents.
From the semantic network, five main labels were established, which in turn were divided into secondary labels (Figure 1). The first one relates to the character's profile; it has secondary labels such as gender, profile type, influence and area of knowledge. The second is related to the period of history in which he/she lived, country of origin and institution to which the character belonged. The third relates to the contributions or impacts generated by the character and it subdivides into: applications and uses, developments, theory and law proposal, discoveries, inventions and policy design. The fourth is related to awards and recognitions: Nobel Prize, patents received, Fields Medal, Letterstedt Prize, Davy Medal, Matteucci Medal, Willard Gibbs Prize, among others. The fifth and final one relates to barriers and limitations in complicated work environments, low regional scientific and technological conditions, work complexity, discrimination and misappropriation of work and/or recognitions.
Based on the labels from the semantic network determined through document analysis with ATLAS IT and recurrence of terms, the categories and scoring criteria were selected. Table 1 shows the selected categories which enable the characters to be classified and grouped by common characteristics. Taking into account the most relevant labels for the purpose of this work, four categories were determined: gender, STEM area of knowledge, country of origin and historical period.
On the other hand, Table 2 shows the criteria that enable each character to generate points. Three criteria were determined, assessed on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 the highest for each criterion. The first is related to the recognitions or awards granted to the character, the second is related to contributions and impacts, and the third is related to the contextual barriers or limitations faced by the character throughout his or her career (Table 2 for details). On the third column of Table 2, the evaluation criteria for assigning the score are listed.
Table 3 shows the proportion by category of the 32 characters selected to pilot test the bibliographic cards. As shown in Table 3, the selection of characters was performed taking into account the categories identified. Initially the characters of STEM areas were selected from the 374 characters of the database, leaving 219 who belong to one of the professions related to these areas. The second factor that was considered was a date of death longer than 10 years, which reduced the sample to 120 characters. The third factor was the historical period to which the character belonged, while maintaining the proportion of men and women and lastly ensuring that there were representatives from different regions. Table 4 shows the list of characters selected according to their gender and historical period.
The last stage was the design of biographical cards for the characters. These were made using Adobe Photoshop, Indesign and Illustrator. Figure 2 shows the design of the card, with an example of one of the 32 cards, which corresponds to ‘Hypatia of Alexandria’. The center shows the image of the character, her name, date of birth and death, a brief description and symbol of her work. Attached are symbols of the most representative uses and applications to which she contributed. The characters were portrayed by means of geometric figures, taking as a reference their main features to recreate their image in an animated and simple way; the color of the cards was used to identify the gender, green for male scientists and orange for female scientists. Regarding the category related to STEM areas, different color logos were designed with symbols alluding to the professions; these are presented in the upper right corner. On the other hand, in the lower right corner, there is a border of a different color with symbols of the historical period in which the character lived. The origin of the character is represented by each country's flag. Finally, the criteria were represented by star ratings and the number of awards or recognitions received by the character.
‘Sapiencia’ is a card game featuring scientists, details of their work, context and the period in which they lived. The protagonists of the cards belong to STEM areas. There are representatives from various regions, different historical periods and gender parity. The game is based on the categories defined in Table 1 in order to select a comparable element between characters and scoring criteria from Table 2 as a discard parameter. Details, game rules and cards can be downloaded from the ‘Dissemination of Science’ blog (https://bit.ly/2tJo3Za). The suggested age range for play is from 7 to 10 years of age.
Learning over time has been organized around the concept of sharing, similar to board games; however, new technologies have intervened in these spaces. The idea is to highlight the need to strengthen the spaces for interaction and interest in science on the part of children in order to provide them with the necessary tools to face a technological world based on the appropriation of science. It is therefore necessary to inspire children by acknowledging science-relevant characters and their contributions in a pleasant, easy and motivating way. The fundamental contribution of this work is the proposal of a semantic network for the portrayal of characters through their profile, their context in terms of the period and place in which they lived, along with their contribution and the impact of their work, recognitions or awards, plus barriers and contextual limitations. All this supported by the creation of a database with 374 characters.
As mentioned throughout the article, images are important resources for the teaching-learning process because they facilitate the understanding of abstract contents, generate motivation and a desire to deepen knowledge, improve memory, aid in the acquisition of new knowledge and foster curiosity in dealing with scientific subjects. As pointed out by several authors, educational images should be designed according to the objectives of the teaching-learning process. Aligned with this approach, this work proposes a visual communication strategy designed to raise awareness of outstanding figures considered geniuses in the world of science through didactic material. This material was designed with relevant information on the contributions of the characters and their recognitions through simple images that allow a quick association with their contributions. The contribution of this work is evident in two aspects: characterization of animated scientific characters highlighting them through allegorical details of their work, context and period in which they lived, as well as developments and postulates of their work. All this was done preserving criteria of pleasant, simple and colorful figures that allow children to identify with them. The other contribution focuses on the design of standardized biographical cards enriched with information about the characteristics of the character and designed with high graphic content that allows the assimilation of information in an easy and pleasant way. Academic discussions and debates focus on new technologies, but we should not leave out spaces for academic and social sharing, the proposal of collectible cards provides information in a very short reading time, so that children know, internalize and participate in scientific knowledge through play. Symbols, icons and graphic representations of the scientific world are the components with which scientific curiosity is to be motivated and generated.
Finally, the contribution at this point is a proposal for play with the ‘Sapiencia’ cards. The quantity and quality of information and the design of the cards generates great versatility, allowing children to invent their own games and teachers to use them as a support tool in workshops or other classroom activities.
This article is part of the first phase of the research project related to the dissemination and appropriation of knowledge, which focused on proposing educational dissemination strategies and tools to motivate children to take an interest in science; however, it would be important as future work to develop an empirical study to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. Likewise, this methodological approach can be used to deal with didactic material on characters of interest from other areas of knowledge such as social sciences, arts, administrative sciences, among others. On the other hand, this work can be a reference for researchers interested in the impact of ludic strategies for the understanding of learning.
This work is the result of the research project: ‘Strategies for dissemination and appropriation of Science, Technology and Innovation and its articulation with the consolidation of Smart Cities’ by Los Libertadores University Foundation (DIR-001-18).
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