Volume index - Journal index - Article index - Map ---- Back

Comunicar Journal 67: Cyber convivencia as a social scenario: Ethics and emotions (Vol. 29 - 2021)

Youths’ coping with cyberhate: Roles of parental mediation and family support

https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-02

Michelle F. Wright

Sebastian Wachs

Manuel Gámez-Guadix

Abstract

Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents’ problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents’ problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents’ capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents’ use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents’ use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents’ ability to cope productively with cyberhate.

Keywords

Cyberhate, hate speech, parental mediation, family support, coping, media education.

PDF file in Spanish

PDF file in English

References

Arrizabalaga-Crespo, C., Aierbe-Barandiaran, A., & Medrano-Samaniego, C. (2010). Internet uses and parental mediation in adolescents with ADHD. Revista Latina de Comunicacio?n Social, 65, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-65-2010-919-561-571-EN

Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(2), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372

Cabello-Hutt, T., Cabello, P., & Claro, M. (2018). Online opportunities and risks for children and adolescents: The role of digital skills, age, gender and parental mediation in Brazil. New media & Society, 20(7), 2411-2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724168

Eckenrode, J., & Hamilton, S. (2000). One to one support interventions. In S. Cohen, L.G. Underwood, & B.H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 278-308). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0008

Elsaesser, C., Russell, B., Ohannessian, C.M., & Patton, D. (2017). Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and violent behavior, 35, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004

Fanti, K.A., Demetriou, A.G., & Hawa, V.V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining riskand protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643169

Gámez-Guadix, M., Wachs, S., & Wright, M. (2020). Haters back off! Psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents. Psicothema, 32(4), 567-574. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219

Georgiou, S.N. (2010). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709907X204363

Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E.M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del-Rey, R. (2018). Parenting practices as risk or preventive factors for adolescent involvement in cyberbullying: Contribution of children and parent gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664

Görzig, A., & Machackova, H. (2016). Cyberbullying in Europe: A review of evidence from cross-national data. In M. Wright (Ed.), A Social-ecological approach to cyberbullying (pp. 295-326). Nova Science.

Hock, M. (2008). Erziehungsstile und ihre Auswirkungen. [Educational styles and their effects]. In W. Schneider (Eds.), Handbuch der psychologie: Handbuch der pädagogischen psychologie. [Manual of psychology: Manual of educational psychology] (pp. 491-500). Hogrefe. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05023-6_19

Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Klein, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2000). Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method. Psychometrika, 65(4), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296338

Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618

Kutscher, N. (2012). Medienbildung in der Kindheit. MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 22, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/22/2013.10.08.X

Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1987). Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer.

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E.J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396

Livingstone, S., Olafsson, K., Helsper, E.J., Lupiañez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G.A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277

Machackova, H., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Smahel, D., & Staksrud, E. (2020). Children’s experiences with cyberhate. EU Kids Online. https://bit.ly/3q5vFBi

Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F., & Alsaker, F.D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704310

Martínez, G., Casado, M.A., & Garitaonandia, G. (2020). Online parental mediation strategies in family contexts of Spain. [Estrategias online de mediación parental en contextos familiares de España]. Comunicar, 65, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-06

Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén. https://bit.ly/3g4tnhf

Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 725-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0137-2

Pascoe, E.A., & Smart-Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059

Pinkerton, J., & Dolan, P. (2007). Family support, social capital, resilience and adolescent coping. Child & Family Social Work, 12(3), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00497.x

Raykov, T. (2009). Evaluation of scale reliability for unidimensional measures using latent variable modeling. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42(3), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175609344096

Reichelmann, A., Hawdon, J., Costello, M., Ryan, J., Blaya, C., Llorent, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Zych, I. (2020). Hate knows no boundaries: Online hate in six nations. Deviant Behavior, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1722337

Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van-Oosten, J.M., & Igartua, J.J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012

Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagel, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge University Press.

Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025

Satorra, A., & Bentler, P.M. (2001). A scaled difference chi­square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192

Slonje, R., & Smith, P.K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x

Sousa, V.D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross?cultural health care research: A clear and user?friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x

Sticca, F., Machmutow, K., Stauber, A., Perren, S., Palladino, B.E., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., Corcoran, L., & Guckin, C.M. (2015). The coping with cyberbullying questionnaire: Development of a new measure. Societies, 5(2), 515-536. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5020515

UK Safer Internet Centre (Ed.) (2016). Creating a better Internet for all: Young people’s experiences of online empowerment + online hate. https://bit.ly/2Jk6QAD

Von-Soest, T., Mossige, S., Stefansen, K., & Hjemdal, O. (2010). A validation study of the resilience scale for adolescents (READ). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9149-x

Wachs, S., & Wright, M.F. (2019). The moderation of online disinhibition and sex on the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(5), 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0551

Wachs, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Wright, M.F., Görzig, A., & Schubarth, W. (2020). How do adolescents cope with cyberhate? Psychometric properties and socio-demographic differences of a coping with cyberhate scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106167

Wachs, S., Koch-Priewe, B., & Zick, A. (2021). Hate Speech – Multidisziplinäre Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Wachs, S., Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M.F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E.Y., Sittichai, R., Biswalk, R., Singh, R., Almendros, C., Gámez-Guadixm, M., G?rzig, A., Hong, J.S. (2021). DNT LET’EM H8 U!: Applying the routine activity framework to understand cyberhate victimization among adolescents across eight countries. Computers & Education, 160, 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104026

Wachs, S., Wright, M.F., & Vazsonyi, A.T. (2019). Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2116

World Medical Association (Ed.) (2001). World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organ, 79, 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Worsley, J.D., McIntyre, J.C., & Corcoran, R. (2019). Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: Testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2018.1530497

Wright, M., & Wachs, S. (2018). Does parental mediation moderate the longitudinal association among bystanders and perpetrators and victims of cyberbullying? Social Sciences, 7(11), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110231

Wright, M.F., & Wachs, S. (2020). Moderation of parental support on health and cyberbullying among adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2390-2401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01739-9

Yin, X.Q., Wang, L.H., Zhang, G.D., Liang, X.B., Li, J., Zimmerman, M.A., & Wang, J.L. (2017). The promotive effects of peer support and active coping on the relationship between bullying victimization and depression among Chinese boarding students. Psychiatry Research, 256, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.037

Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2