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Conspiracy theories, correction methods, COVID-19, audience, China-United States relation, media influence
Abalakina-Paap, M., Stephan, W.G., Craig, T., & Gregory, W.L. (1999). Beliefs in conspiracies. Political Psychology, 20(3), 637-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00160
Aistrope, T., & Bleiker, R. (2018). Conspiracy and foreign policy. Security Dialogue, 49(3), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010617748305
Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media Literacy. A Report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy. [Conference] Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, United States. https://bit.ly/3y34w63
Baden, C., & Sharon, T. (2020). Blinded by the lies? Toward an integrated definition of conspiracy theories. Communication Theory, 31(1), 82-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa023
Banas, J.A., & Miller, G. (2013). Inducing resistance to conspiracy theory propaganda: Testing inoculation and metainoculation strategies. Human Communication Research, 39(2), 184-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12000
Banas, J.A., & Rains, S.A. (2010). A meta-analysis of research on inoculation theory. Communication Monographs, 77(3), 281-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003758193
Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The Power of Unreason: Conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. Demos.
Bjerg, O., & Presskorn-Thygesen, T. (2017). Conspiracy theory: Truth claim or language game? Theory, Culture & Society, 34(1), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416657880
Buckland, M. (2017). Information and society. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10922.001.0001
Chan, M.P.S., Jones, C.R., Hall-Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617714579
Cook, J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2011). The debunking handbook. University of Queensland. https://bit.ly/3ezLFI4
Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A. (2017). News media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement. Communication and the Public, 2(4), 388-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317725539
Drochon, H. (2018). Who believes in conspiracy theories in Great Britain and Europe? In J.E. Uscinski (Ed.), Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them (pp. 337-346). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0022
Einstein, K.L., & Glick, D.M. (2015). Do I think BLS data are BS? The consequences of conspiracy theories. Political Behavior, 37(3), 679-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-014-9287-z
Fenster, M. (1999). Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and power in American culture. University of Minnesota Press. https://bit.ly/33yuNv4
Golob, T., Makarovi, M., & Rek, M. (2021). Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation. [Meta-reflexividad para la resiliencia contra la desinformación]. Comunicar, 66, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09
Hofstadter, R. (1965). The paranoid style in American politics and other essays. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. https://bit.ly/3eBC7fJ
Hollander, B.A. (2018). Partisanship, individual differences, and news media exposure as predictors of conspiracy beliefs. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 691-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017728919
Husting, G., & Orr, M. (2007). Dangerous machinery: ‘Conspiracy theorist’ as a transpersonal strategy of exclusion. Symbolic Interaction, 30(2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2007.30.2.127
Jeong, S.H., Cho, H., & Hwang, Y. (2012). Media literacy interventions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 454-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K.M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
Jones, L. (2008). A geopolitical mapping of the post-9/11 world: Exploring conspiratorial knowledge through Fahrenheit 9/11 and The Manchurian Candidate. Journal of Media Geography, 111, 44-50. https://bit.ly/3f4MSWW
Jones-Jang, S.M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021). Does media literacy help identification of fake news? Information literacy helps, but other literacies don’t. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406
Jutila, M. (2006). Desecuritizing minority rights: Against determinism. Security Dialogue, 37(2), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010606066169
Karstedt, S., & Farrall, S. (2006). The moral economy of everyday crime: Markets, consumers and citizens. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), 1011-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl082
Kofta, M., & Sedek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2005.11043142
Krekó, P. (2020). Countering conspiracy theories and misinformation. In M. Butter & P. Knight, P. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories (pp.242-256). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-2_8
LaGarde, J., & Hudgins, D. (2018). Fact vs. Fiction: Teaching critical thinking skills in the age of fake news. International Society for Technology in Education.
Lee, B. (2020). Radicalization and Conspiracy Theories. In M. Butter, & P. Knight (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734-3_7
McGuire, W.J., & Papageorgis, D. (1962). Effectiveness of forewarning in developing resistance to persuasion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1086/267068
Mitchell, S.S.D. (2019). Population control, deadly vaccines, and mutant mosquitoes: The construction and circulation of Zika virus conspiracy theories online. Canadian Journal of Communication, 44(2), 211-237. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2019v44n2a3329
Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Melero-López, I. (2021). News consumption and risk perception of Covid-19 in Spain. [Seguimiento informativo y percepción del riesgo ante la Covid-19 en España]. Comunicar, 66, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-06
Mutsvairo, B., & Bebawi, S. (2019). Journalism educators, regulatory realities, and pedagogical predicaments of the “fake news” era: A comparative perspective on the middle east and Africa. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 74(2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695819833552
Oliver, J.E., & Wood, T.J. (2014). Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12084
Potter, W.J. (2010). The state of media literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 675-696. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.521462
Roe, P. (2004). Securitization and minority rights: Conditions of de-securitization. Security Dialogue, 35(3), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010604047527
Roozenbeek, J., & van-der-Linden, S. (2019). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22(5), 570-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1443491
Samuel-Azran, T., & Hayat, T. (2019). Online news recommendations credibility: The tie is mightier than the source. [La credibilidad de las noticias digitales: El vínculo es más impactante que la fuente]. Comunicar, 60, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.3916/C60-2019-07
Sidak, Z. (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 626-633. https://doi.org/10.2307/2283989
Simmons, W.P., & Parsons, S. (2005). Beliefs in conspiracy theories among African Americans: A comparison of elites and masses. Social Science Quarterly, 86(3), 582-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00319.x
Swami, V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.369
Uscinski, J.E., & Parent, J.M. (2014). American Conspiracy Theories. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351800.001.0001
van-Prooijen, J.W., Douglas, K.M., & De-Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2331
Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2),155-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
Warner, B.R., & Neville-Shepard, R. (2014). Echoes of a conspiracy: Birthers, truthers, and the cultivation of extremism. Communication Quarterly, 62(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.822407
Winiewski, M., Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2015). Conspiracy theories on the map of stereotype content: Survey and historical evidence. In M. Bilewicz, A. Cichocka, & W. Soral (Eds.), The Psychology of Conspiracy (pp. 23-41). Routledge.