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COVID-19, political bots, political polarization, digital propaganda, public opinion, social networks analysis
Abramowitz, A.I. (2010). The disappearing center. Yale University Press. https://bit.ly/3s7UlwC
Adlung, S., Lünenborg, M., & Raetzsch, C. (2021). Pitching gender in a racist tune: The affective publics of the# 120decibel campaign. Media and Communication, 9(2), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.3749
Al-Rawi, A., & Shukla, V. (2020). Bots as active news promoters: A digital analysis of COVID-19 tweets. Information, 11(10), 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211-36. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Barberá, P., Jost, J.T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J.A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological science, 26(10), 1531-1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
Boshmaf, Y., Muslukhov, I., Beznosov, K., & Ripeanu, M. (2013). Design and analysis of a social botnet. Computer Networks, 57(2), 556-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.06.006
Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, & J.M. (2017). Is the internet causing political polarization? Evidence from demographics. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23258
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P.N. (2019). The global disinformation order: 2019 global inventory of organised social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute. https://acortar.link/puyazU
Calvo, E., & Aruguete, N. (2020). Fake News, trolls y otros encantos. Cómo funcionan (para bien y para mal) las redes sociales. Siglo XXI. https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2020.29.76061
Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317-332, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12084
Fernández, P. (1996). Determinación del tamaño muestral. Cad Aten Primaria, 3(138-14), 1-6. https://bit.ly/3DYcijz
Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
Fiorina, M.P., & Abrams, S.J. (2008). Political polarization in the American public. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 563-588. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836
Grün, B., & Hornik, K. (2011). Topicmodels: An R package for fitting topic models. Journal of Statistical Software, 40(13), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v040.i13
Guevara, J.A., Gómez, D., Robles, J M., & Montero, J. (2020). Measuring polarization: A fuzzy set theoretical approach. In M.J. Lesot, S. Vieira, M.z. Reformat, J.O. Carvalho, A. Wilbik, B. Bouchon-Meunier & R.R. Yager, (Eds), Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems (pp. 510-522). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50143-3_40
Hansen, L.K., Arvidsson, A., Nielsen, F.A., Colleoni, E., & Etter, M. (2011). Good friends, bad news-affect and virality in twitter. In J.J. Park, L.T. Yang, C. Lee (Eds.), Future information technology (pp. 34-43). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22309-9_5
Howard, P.N. (2006). New media campaigns and the managed citizen. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701641532
Howard, P.N., Woolley, S., & Calo, R. (2018). Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the U.S. 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 15(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S.J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129-146, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
Kearney, M.W. (2019). Rtweet: Collecting and analyzing Twitter data. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(42). 1829. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01829
Keller, F.B., Schoch, D., Stier, S., & Yang, J.H. (2019). Political astroturfing on Twitter: How to coordinate a disinformation campaign. Political Communication, 37(2), 256-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1661888
Keller, T.R., & Klinger, U. (2019). Social bots in election campaigns: Theoretical, empirical, and methodological implications. Political Communication, 36(1), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1526238
Kovic, M., Rauchfleisch, A., Sele, M., & Caspar, C. (2018). Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures. Studies in Communication Sciences, 18(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2018.01.005
Lelkes, Y. (2016). Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(1), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
Luengo, O., García-Marín, J., & De-Blasio, E. (2021). COVID-19 on YouTube: Debates and polarisation in the digital sphere. [COVID-19 en YouTube: Debates y polarización en la esfera digital]. Comunicar, 69, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3916/C69-2021-01
Martini, F., Samula, P., Keller, T.R., & Klinger, U. (2021). Bot, or not? Comparing three methods for detecting social bots in five political discourses. Big Data & Society, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211033566
Moffitt, J.D., King, C., & Carley, K.M. (2021). Hunting conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Media+Society, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211043212
Morgan, S. (2018). Fake news, disinformation, manipulation and online tactics to undermine democracy. Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2018.1462395
Mueller, S.D., & Saeltzer, M. (2020). Twitter made me do it! Twitter's tonal platform incentive and its effect on online campaigning. Information, Communication & Society, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1850841
Neyazi, T.A. (2019). Digital propaganda, political bots and polarized politics in India. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(1), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2019.1699938
Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New media & society, 6(2), 259-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444
Pastor-Galindo, J., Nespoli, P., Gómez-Mármol, F., & Mártinez-Pérez, G. (2020). Spotting political social bots in Twitter: A use case of the 2019 Spanish general election. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 8, 10282-10304. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965257
Persily, N. (2017). The 2016 U.S. election: Can democracy survive the internet? Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0025
Price, K.R., Priisalu, J., & Nomin, S. (2019). Analysis of the impact of poisoned data within twitter classification models. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(19), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.170
Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242
Rowe, I. (2015). Civility 2.0: A comparative analysis of incivility in online political discussion. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.940365
Santana, L.E., & Huerta-Cánepa, G. (2019). ¿Son bots? Automatización en redes sociales durante las elecciones presidenciales de Chile 2017. Cuadernos.info, 44, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1629
Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. ECPR press.
Serrano-Contreras, I.J., García-Marín, J., & Luengo, O.G. (2020). Measuring online political dialogue: Does polarization trigger more deliberation? Media and Communication, 8(4), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i4.3149
Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G.L., Varol, O., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Yang, K.C. (2018). The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communication, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7
Shu, K., Mahudeswaran, D., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). Fakenewsnet: A data repository with news content, social context, and spatiotemporal information for studying fake news on social media. Big data, 8(3), 171-188. http://doi.org/10.1089/big.2020.0062
Sobieraj, S., & Berry, J.M. (2011). From incivility to outrage: Political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news. Political Communication, 28(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360
Stella, M., Ferrara, E., & De-Domenico, M. (2018). Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems. In J. Kleinberg (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(49), 12435-12440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803470115
Sunstein, C.R. (2001). Designing democracy: What constitutions do? Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, C.R. (2018). #Republic. Princeton university press.
Taber, C.S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American journal of political science, 50(3), 755-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
Uyheng, J., & Carley, K.M. (2020). Bots and online hate during the COVID-19 pandemic: Case studies in the United States and the Philippines. J Comput Soc Sc, 3, 445-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00087-4
Walker, E.T. (2014). Grassroots for hire: Public affairs consultants in American democracy. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108829
Yan, H.Y., Yang, K., Menczer, F., & Shanahan, J. (2020). Asymmetrical perceptions of partisan political bots. New Media & Society, 23(10), 3016-3037. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820942744