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Disinformation, communicative ecosystem, focus groups, discourse analysis, media, social media
Amazeen, M.A. (2017). Journalistic interventions: The structural factors affecting the global emergence of fact-checking. Journalism, 21(1), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730217
Anderson, C.W. (2020). Fake news is not a virus: On platforms and their effects. Communication Theory, 31(1), 42-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa008
Bennett, W.L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of communication, 58(4), 707-731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x
Bennett, W.L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
Bimber, B., & Gil-de-Zúñiga, H. (2020). The unedited public sphere. New Media & Society, 22(4), 700-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980
Conde F. (2009). Análisis sociológico del sistema de discursos. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. https://bit.ly/3tqxsF2
Conde F. (2014). Los órdenes sintáctico, semántico y pragmático en el diseño y en el análisis de las investigaciones cualitativas con grupos de discusión. Arxius de Sociologia, 31, 69-84. https://bit.ly/3r9OCFX
De-Lucas, A. (1995). Memoria de oposición. Proyecto docente. Sociología del consumo e investigación de mercados. Inédito.
Duffy, A., Tandoc, E., & Ling, R. (2020). Too good to be true, too good not to share: the social utility of fake news. Information, Communication & Society, 23(13), 1965-1979. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1623904
Engesser, S., & Humprecht, E. (2015). Frequency or skillfulness. Journalism studies, 16(4), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.939849
Flew, T. (2019). Digital communication, the crisis of trust, and the post-global. Communication Research and Practice, 5(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2019.1561394
Golob, T., Makarovic, M., & Rek, M. (2021). Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation. [Meta-reflexividad para la resiliencia contra la desinformación]. Comunicar, 66, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09
Gray, J., Bounegru, L., & Venturini, T. (2020). «Fake news» as infrastructural uncanny. New Media & Society, 22(2), 317-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856912
Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 13-74). The Open University. https://bit.ly/3CrFPDb
Hallin, D.C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Sistemas mediáticos comparados. Tres modelos de relación entre los medios de comunicación y la política. Hacer.
Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend. Journalism studies, 13(5-6), 815-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664430
Herrero-Diz, P., Conde-Jiménez, J., & Reyes-de-Cózar, S. (2020). Teens’ motivations to spread fake news on WhatsApp. Social Media+Society, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120942879
Hjorth, F., & Adler-Nissen, R. (2019). Ideological asymmetry in the reach of pro-Russian digital disinformation to United States audiences. Journal of Communication, 69(2), 168-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz006
Humanes, M.L. (2014). Exposición selectiva y partidismo de las audiencias en España. El consumo de información política durante las campañas electorales de 2008 y 2011. Palabra Clave, 17(3), 773-802. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.9
Ibáñez J. (1979). Más allá de la sociología. El grupo de discusión: Técnica y crítica. Siglo XXI. https://bit.ly/3N7SQX6
Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. (1955). Personal influence. The Free Press.
Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press. https://bit.ly/3wjoYRR
Madrid-Morales, D., Wasserman, H., Gondwe, G., Ndlovu, K., Sikanku, E., Tulley, M., ... & Uzuegbunam, C. (2021). Motivations for sharing misinformation: A comparative study in six Sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1200-1219. https://bit.ly/3vEdoQI
Masip, P., Ruiz-Caballero, C., & Suau, J. (2019). Active audiences and social discussion on the digital public sphere. Review article. Profesional de la Información, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.mar.04
Mercenier, H., Wiard, V., & Dufrasne, M. (2022). Teens, social media and fake news: A user’s perspective. In G. Lopez-García, D. Palau-Sampio, B. Palomo, E. Campos-Dominguez, & P. Masip (Eds.), Politics of disinformation: The influence of fake news on public sphere (pp. 161-172). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119743347.ch12
Molina, M.D., Sundar, S.S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2019). «Fake News» is not simply false information: A concept explication and taxonomy of online content. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2) 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878224
Nelson, J.L., & Taneja, H. (2018). The small, disloyal fake news audience: The role of audience availability in fake news consumption. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3720-3737. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818758715
Newman, N., & Levy, D.A. (2014). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2014. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2619576
Nielsen, R.K., & Graves, L. (2017). News you don’t believe: Audience perspectives on fake news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://bit.ly/3CTvHBJ
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Penguin. https://doi.org/10.3139/9783446431164
Photiou, I., & Maniou, T. A. (2018). Changing audiences, changing realities: Identifying disinformation via new teaching curricula [Conference]. Crisis reporting: Proceedings of the EJTA Teachers’ Conference, Grecia. https://bit.ly/2ZthopO
Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878425
Roses-Campos, S., & Humanes-Humanes, M. (2019). Conflicts in the professional roles of journalists in Spain: Ideals and practice. [Conflictos en los roles profesionales de los periodistas en España: Ideales y práctica]. Comunicar, 58, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3916/C58-2019-06
Salaverría, R., Buslón, N., López-Pan, F., León, B., López-Goñi, I., & Erviti, M.C. (2020). Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19. Profesional de la Información, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020
Sampedro, V., & Pérez-Seoane, F. (2008). Las elecciones generales españolas de 2008: Bipolarización antagónica fomentada por intereses político-mediáticos y las nuevas tecnologías. Revista de Sociología e Política, 17(34), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782009000300010
Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284
Stella, M., Ferrara, E., & De-Domenico, M. (2018). Bots sustain and inflate striking opposition in online social systems. PNAS, 115(49), 12435-12440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803470115
Sunstein, C.R. (2009). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton University Press. https://bit.ly/3ueYkqn
Tandoc, E.C., Lim, Z.W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining «fake news»: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
Valera-Ordaz, L., & Humanes, M.L. (2022). What drives selective exposure to political information in Spain? Comparing political interest and ideology. In D. Palau-Sampio, G. López-García, & L. Ianelli (Eds.), Contemporary politics, communication and the impact on democracy (pp. 93-112). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8057-8.ch006
Vallone, R.P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M.R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577
Wenzel, A. (2019). To verify or to disengage: Coping with «fake news» and ambiguity. International Journal of Communication, 13, 1977-1995. https://bit.ly/3KhCn0i