Keywords

Chatgpt, modelos de lenguaje, inteligencia artificial, campaña electoral, análisis de contenido, análisis de marcos

Abstract

Las aplicaciones contemporáneas de la inteligencia artificial se están extendiendo rápidamente en diversos ámbitos sociales, influyendo cada vez más en la política y la comunicación política. Este estudio analiza el papel de la IA en el proceso electoral mediante el examen de textos generados por «ChatGPT» en respuesta a consultas relacionadas con los dos principales candidatos de las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: Donald Trump y Kamala Harris. El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar la presencia o ausencia de elementos éticos y simbólicos específicos en el contenido generado por IA que puedan influir en la percepción individual y colectiva. Para lograr esto, se formula un objetivo secundario: identificar las características de contenido y semánticas de dichos textos. La investigación se basa en el análisis cuantitativo de contenido y en el análisis de encuadre (framing). El conjunto de datos incluyó 41 consultas textuales, con un volumen total de 3.503 palabras generadas. Los resultados muestran que los textos más extensos se generan en respuesta a preguntas sobre el posible papel de los candidatos en la resolución de problemas socialmente significativos, en lugar de sobre sus cualidades personales o profesionales. Se identificaron dos encuadres principales: “Político eficaz” y “Político ineficaz”. Se determinó su frecuencia y las expresiones clave asociadas a cada encuadre. La conclusión general es que, en los textos generados por ChatGPT, el encuadre “Político eficaz” aparece con mayor frecuencia en los textos sobre Kamala Harris que en los textos sobre Donald Trump. Partiendo de la dicotomía ética “bueno-malo”, a veces puede rastrearse un cierto estereotipo dentro del conjunto de información, que podría expresarse del siguiente modo: “Harris es más probable que resuelva el problema planteado, mientras que Trump no está claro”. Se proponen varias recomendaciones para los usuarios que podrían mitigar la influencia de dichas construcciones ético-lógicas. El estudio concluye que el encuadre “Político eficaz” aparece con más frecuencia en los textos sobre Kamala Harris que en los textos sobre Donald Trump. También se examinan las implicaciones éticas de la influencia de estas herramientas en las opiniones políticas de los individuos.

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Received: 2026-02-16 | Reviewed: 2026-04-04 | Accepted: 2026-04-10 | Online First: 2026-07-17 | Published: 2026-07-19

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А. Yu. Petukhov., D. I. Kaminchenko., A. A. Lebedeva., N. S. Morozov. (2026). El impacto de la aplicación de inteligencia artificial generativa «ChatGPT» en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: medición y análisis ético. Comunicar, 34(86). 10.5281/zenodo.21415929

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