Ciberostracismo: Consecuencias emocionales y conductuales en las interacciones en redes sociales

Cyberostracism: Emotional and behavioral consequences in social media interactions

 Simona Galbava, Brno (República Checa)

 Hana Machackova, Brno (República Checa)

 Lenka Dedkova, Brno (República Checa)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-01

Palabras clave

Ciberostracismo, exclusión social, Ostracism Online, redes sociales, ansiedad social, emociones

Resumen

Este estudio se centra en el efecto del ostracismo cibernético en los sitios de redes sociales. Sobre la base de un modelo de necesidad temporal-amenaza del ostracismo, analizamos el efecto en reacciones reflexivas, específicamente el empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza a cuatro necesidades fundamentales (sentido de pertenencia, autoestima, existencia con sentido y control), y la reacción reflexiva en forma de comportamiento prosocial, antisocial o evasivo. También nos concentramos en el papel que desempeña la ansiedad social. Mediante el uso de la herramienta experimental Ostracism Online (Ostracismo en línea), realizamos un experimento en línea en el que se manipuló el ostracismo, se midieron las reacciones reflexivas autoinformadas en un juego financiero cooperativo recientemente desarrollado. Los participantes fueron 196 adultos jóvenes checos (de 18 a 30 años; 62% mujeres). T-tests demostraron empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza más alta en las cuatro necesidades fundamentales en la etapa reflexiva de los participantes ostracidos. Los modelos de regresión mostraron que la ansiedad social tenía poco efecto en las reacciones reflexivas, pero no moderaba el efecto del ostracismo. El tipo de necesidad amenazada y ansiedad social no predijo la reacción reflexiva; el único indicador significativo de la respuesta antisocial fue el ostracismo experimentado. Incluso una forma leve de ostracismo en forma de falta de reacciones por parte de extraños a la publicación compartida puede dar lugar a consecuencias emocionales y conductuales negativas.

Referencias

Ayduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection – aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Burrow, A.L., & Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get? Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Chester, D.S., & DeWall, C.N. (2016). Sound the alarm: The effect of narcissism on retaliatory aggression is moderated by dACC reactivity to rejection. Journal of Personality, 84(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12164

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Donate, A.P.G., Marques, L.M., Lapenta, O.M., Asthana, M.K., Amodio, D., & Boggio, P.S. (2017). Ostracism via virtual chat room—Effects on basic needs, anger and pain. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184215

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D., & Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hartgerink, C.H.J., van Beest I., Wicherts J.M., & Williams K.D. (2015). The ordinal effects of ostracism: A meta-analysis of 120 Cyberball studies. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0127002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127002

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hayes, R.A., Carr, C.T., & Wohn, D.Y. (2016). One click, many meanings: Interpreting paralinguistic digital affordances in social media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(1), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1127248

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hayes, R.A., Wesselmann, E.D., & Carr, C.T. (2018). When nobody “Likes” you: Perceived ostracism through paralinguistic digital affordances within social media. Social Media + Society, 4(3), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118800309

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kupper, N., & Denollet, J. (2012). Social anxiety in the general population: Introducing abbreviated versions of SIAS and SPS. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(1-2), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.014

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

McCord, B., Rodebaugh, T.L., & Levinson, C.A. (2014). Facebook: Social uses and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.020

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Miller, R.S. (2009). Social anxiousness, shyness, and embarrassability. In M.R. Leary, & R.H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 176-191). The Guilford Press. https://bit.ly/3myP2k4

Link Google Scholar

Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T.R., & Feinstein, A.R. (1996). A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(12), 1373-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00236-3

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Reich, S., Schneider, F.M., & Heling, L. (2018). Zero Likes - Symbolic interactions and need satisfaction online. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.043

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ren, D., Wesselmann, E.D., & Williams, K.D. (2018). Hurt people hurt people: Ostracism and aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.026

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ryan, T., Allen, K.A., Gray, D.L., & McInerney, D.M. (2017). How social are social media? A review of online social behaviour and connectedness. Journal of Relationships Research, 8, e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2017.13

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Schneider, F.M., Zwillich, B., Bindl, M.J., Hopp, F.R., Reich, S., & Vorderer, P. (2017). Social media ostracism: The effects of being excluded online. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.052

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Scissors, L., Burke, M., & Wengrovitz, S. (2016). What's in a Like? Attitudes and behaviors around receiving Likes on Facebook. In CSCW '16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 1501-1510). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820066

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Tobin, S.J., McDermott, S., & French, L. (2018). The role of group size in reactions to ostracism and inclusion. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(7), 1014-1033. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217702723

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Tobin, S.J., Vanman, E.J., Verreynne, M., & Saeri, A.K. (2015). Threats to belonging on Facebook: Lurking and ostracism. Social Influence, 10(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2014.893924

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Twenge, J.M. (2005). When does social rejection lead to aggression? The influences of situations, narcissism, emotion, and replenishing connections. In K.D. Williams, J.P. Forgas, & W. von-Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 202-212). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203942888

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K. (2003). Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve? Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239051

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Valkenburg, P.M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents' and adolescents' online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.267

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

van-de-Mortel, T.F. (2008). Faking it: Social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(4), 40-48. https://bit.ly/2JfgZyP

Link Google Scholar

Wesselmann, E.D., Ren, D., & Williams, K.D. (2015). Motivations for responses to ostracism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00040

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Williams, K.D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 275-314). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Williams, K.D., & Wesselmann, E.D. (2011). The link between ostracism and aggression. In J.P. Forgas, A.W. Kruglanski, & K.D. Williams (Eds.), The psychology of social conflict and aggression (pp. 37-51). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203803813

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Williams, K.D., Cheung, C.K.T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wohn, D.Y., Carr, C.T., Hayes, R.A. (2016). How affective is a “Like”? The effect of paralinguistic digital affordances on perceived social support. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(9), 562-566. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0162

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J.R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J.M., & Williams, K.D. (2015). Ostracism Online: A social media ostracism paradigm. Behavioral Research Methods, 47(2), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0475-x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Zadro, L., Boland, C., & Richardson, R. (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 692-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.007

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Este trabajo ha recibido financiación de la Fundación Científica Checa, proyecto «Modelling the future: Understanding the impact of technology on adolescent’s well-being» no. 19-27828X.

Crossmark

Ficha técnica

Recibido: 30-09-2020

Revisado: 31-10-2020

Aceptado: 16-11-2020

First Online: 15-01-2021

Fecha publicación: 01-04-2021

Tiempo de revisión del artículo : 31 días | Media tiempo revisión número 67: 36 días

Tiempo de aceptación del artículo: 47 días | Media tiempo aceptación número 67: 67 días

Tiempo de edición del preprint: 138 días | Media tiempo edición número preprint 67: 159 días

Tiempo de edición del artículo: 183 días | Media tiempo edición número 67: 204 días

Métricas

Métricas de este artículo

Vistas: 6500

Lectura del abstract: 5920

Descargas del PDF: 580

Métricas completas de Comunicar 67

Vistas: 57353

Lectura del abstract: 52071

Descargas del PDF: 5282

Citado por