Palabras clave
Victimización, cibervictimización, ciberacoso, autoestima, ansiedad social, adolescencia
Resumen
Este trabajo parte de dos objetivos: 1) Identificar perfiles de victimización en la adolescencia, en función del grado de padecimiento de violencia offline u online por parte de sus iguales, así como la prevalencia de cada perfil; 2) Analizar la asociación de los perfiles de victimización obtenidos con la ansiedad social y la autoestima del adolescente. Para ello, se aplicaron cuestionarios de autoinforme sobre victimización tradicional entre iguales, cibervictimización, ansiedad social y autoestima a 3.120 adolescentes de Asturias (España), de 12 a 18 años (M=14.03; DT=1.40). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, análisis de perfil latente y análisis multivariado de la varianza. Se obtuvo una correlación positiva y moderada entre ser cibervíctima y ser víctima de violencia tradicional; y una tipología de cuatro perfiles: no víctimas (77,8%), principalmente cibervictimas (13,5%), principalmente víctimas de violencia tradicional (4,5%) y víctimas duales (4,3%). Cuanto mayor es el nivel de victimización, mayor la ansiedad social y menor la autoestima, siendo más fuerte esta asociación con la victimización tradicional que con la cibervictimización. Tanto las víctimas tradicionales como las duales presentan una mayor ansiedad social y una menor autoestima que las cibervíctimas, y estas que las no víctimas. Víctimas duales y tradicionales no difieren en ansiedad social y autoestima. Los resultados obtenidos contribuyen a identificar patrones de victimización en la adolescencia, y su relación con la ansiedad social y la autoestima.
Referencias
Acquah, E.O., Topalli, P.Z., Wilson, M.L., Junttila, N., & Niemi, P.M. (2016). Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety as predictors of bullying victimisation.International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 21(3), 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2015.1083449
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Álvarez-García, D. (2020). Table 'Studies which have attempted to identify types of victims depending on extent of suffering from offline and online peer aggression in adolescence'. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12786470.v2
Link Google Scholar
Álvarez-García, D., Barreiro-Collazo, A., & Núñez, J. (2017). Cyberaggression among adolescents: Prevalence and gender differences.[Ciberagresión entre adolescentes: Prevalencia y diferencias de género]. Comunicar, 50, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.3916/C50-2017-08
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Álvarez-García, D., Núñez, J.C., Dobarro, A., & Rodríguez, C. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226?235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Beltrán-Catalán, M., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Llorent, V.J. (2018). Victimisation through bullying and cyberbullying: Emotional intelligence, severity of victimisation and technology use in different types of victims. Psicothema, 30(2), 183-188. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.313
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., González-Cabrera, J.M., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018). Continued bullying victimization in adolescents: Maladaptive schemas as a mediational mechanism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 650-660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0677-5
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Cañas, E., Estévez, E., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., & Delgado, B. (2020). Emotional adjustment in victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 23, 917-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09565-z
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996).An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246098
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Chen, L., Ho, S.S., & Lwin, M.O. (2017). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194-1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634037
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-10517-x
Link Google Scholar
Cosma, A., Walsh, S.D., Chester, K.L., Callaghan, M., Molcho, M., Craig, W., & Pickett, W. (2020). Bullying victimization: Time trends and the overlap between traditional and cyberbullying across countries in Europe and North America. International Journal of Public Health, 65, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01320-2
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Del-Rey, R., Mora-Merchán, J., Casas, J., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Elipe, P. (2018). 'Asegúrate' program: Effects on cyber-aggression and its risk factors. [Programa «Asegúrate»: Efectos en ciberagresión y sus factores de riesgo].Comunicar, 56, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.3916/C56-2018-04
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Galovan, A.M., Drouin, M., & McDaniel, B.T. (2018). Sexting profiles in the United States and Canada: Implications for individual and relationship well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.017
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Garaigordobil, M., Mollo-Torrico, J.P., Machimbarrena, J.M., & Páez, D. (2020). Cyberaggression in adolescents of Bolivia: Connection with psychopathological symptoms, adaptive and predictor variables. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031022
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Gini, G., Card, N.A., & Pozzoli, T. (2018). A meta-analysis of the differential relations of traditional and cyber-victimization with internalizing problems. Aggressive Behavior, 44(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21742
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Gini, G., Marino, C., Xie, J.Y., Pfetsch, J., &Pozzoli, T. (2019). Associations of traditional and peer cyber-victimization with adolescents’ Internet use: A latent profile analysis.Cyberpsychology, 13(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-4-1
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Roldán, R., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & García-López, L.J. (2017). Social anxiety and psychosocial adjustment in adolescents: Relation with peer victimization, self-esteem and emotion regulation. Child Indicators Research, 11(3), 1719-1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9506-3
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
González-Moreno, M.J., Cuenca-Piqueras, C., & Fernández-Prados, J.S. (2020). Cyberbullying and education: State of the art and bibliometric analysis. InICIET 2020: Proceedings of the 2020 8th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (pp. 191-195). ICIET. https://doi.org/10.1145/3395245.3396449
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2016). Effectiveness and sustainability of the ViSC Social Competence Program to prevent cyberbullying and cyber-victimization: Class and individual level moderators. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21631
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks.
Link Google Scholar
Hipp, J.R., & Bauer, D.J. (2006). Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models. Psychological Methods, 11(1), 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.36
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Landoll, R.R., La-Greca, A.M., Lai, B.S., Chan, S.F., & Herge, W.M. (2015). Cyber victimization by peers: Prospective associations with adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.002
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
López-Castedo, A., Álvarez-García, D., Domínguez, J., & Álvarez, E. (2018). Expressions of school violence in adolescence. Psicothema, 30(4), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.130
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Machimbarrena, J.M., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., & González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet risks: An Overview of victimization in cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic Internet use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Marciano, L., Schulz, P.J., & Camerini, A.L. (2020). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization in youth: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(2), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz031
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Mehari, K.R., Farrell, A.D., & Le, A.T.H. (2014). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct. Psychology of Violence, 4(4), 399-415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037521
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Mindrila, D. (2019). Bullying and cyberbullying victimization and weapon carrying: A 3-step latent class analysis with a covariate and a distal outcome. International Journal for Infonomics, 12(1), 1854-1861. https://doi.org/10.20533/iji.1742.4712.2019.0189
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Modecki, K.L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A.G., Guerra, N.G., & Runions, K.C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2012). Mplus user’s guide.Muthén & Muthén.https://bit.ly/3oonMFt
Link Google Scholar
Nylund, K.L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B.O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2016). An investigation of short-term longitudinal associations between social anxiety and victimization and perpetration of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 328-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0259-3
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Pontillo, M., Tata, M.C., Averna, R., Demaria, F., Gargiullo, P., Guerrera, S., Pucciarini, M.L., Santonastaso, O., & Vicari, S. (2019). Peer victimization and onset of social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. BrainSciences, 9(6), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060132
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Romera, E.M., Gómez-Ortiz, O., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). The mediating role of psychological adjustment between peer victimization and social adjustment in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01749
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Ruíz-Martín, A., Bono-Cabré, R., & Magallón-Neri, E. (2019). Ciberacoso y ansiedad social en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 6(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2019.06.1.1
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Sastre, A. (2016). Yo a eso no juego. Save the Children.https://bit.ly/33LK0cB
Link Google Scholar
Silberg, J.L., Copeland, W., Linker, J., Moore, A.A., Roberson-Nay, R., & York, T.P. (2016). Psychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: A study of discordant monozygotic twins. Psychological Medicine, 46(9), 1875-1883. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000362
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Suárez-García, Z., Álvarez-García, D., & Rodríguez, C. (2020). Predictores de ser víctima de acoso escolar en Educación Primaria: Una revisión sistemática. Revista de Psicología y Educación, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.23923/rpye2020.01.182
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Tsaousis, I. (2016). The relationship of self-esteem to bullying perpetration and peer victimization among schoolchildren and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.005
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Van-den-Eijnden, R., Vermulst, A., Van-Rooij, A.J., Scholte, R., & Van-de-Mheen, D. (2014). The bidirectional relationships between online victimization and psychosocial problems in adolescents: A comparison with real-life victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 790-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0003-9
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Van-Geel, M., Goemans, A., Zwaanswijk, W., Gini, G., & Vedder, P. (2018). Does peer victimization predict low self-esteem, or does low selfesteem predict peer victimization? Meta-analyses on Longitudinal Studies. Developmental Review, 49, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.001
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Viau, S.J., Denault, A.S., Dionne, G., Brendgen, M., Geoffroy, M.C., Côté, S., Larose, S., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R.E., & Boivin, M. (2020). Joint trajectories of peer cyber and traditional victimization in adolescence: A look at risk factors. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(7), 936–965. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431619880339
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Wang, J., Iannotti, R.J., Luk, J.W., & Nansel, T.R. (2010). Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: Physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(10), 1103-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq048.
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Williford, A., Orsi, R., DePaolis, K.J., & Isen, D. (2018). Cyber and traditional peer victimization: Examining unique associations with children’s internalizing difficulties. Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.001
Link DOI | Link Google Scholar
Ficha técnica
Recibido: 22-09-2020
Revisado: 23-10-2020
Aceptado: 16-11-2020
First Online: 15-01-2021
Fecha publicación: 01-04-2021
Tiempo de revisión del artículo : 31 días | Media tiempo revisión número 67: 36 días
Tiempo de aceptación del artículo: 55 días | Media tiempo aceptación número 67: 67 días
Tiempo de edición del preprint: 146 días | Media tiempo edición número preprint 67: 159 días
Tiempo de edición del artículo: 191 días | Media tiempo edición número 67: 204 días
Métricas
Métricas de este artículo
Vistas: 295
Lectura del abstract: 235
Descargas del PDF: 60
Métricas completas de Comunicar 67
Vistas: 3752
Lectura del abstract: 2995
Descargas del PDF: 757
Citado por
Citas en Web of Science
Actualmente no existen citas hacia este documento
Citas en Scopus
Actualmente no existen citas hacia este documento
Citas en Google Scholar
Actualmente no existen citas hacia este documento