反暴利傳媒造成飛反效應的風險

 Gaspar Brändle-Señán, Murcia (西班牙)

 Miguel-Ángel Martín-Cárdaba, Madrid (西班牙)

 José-Antonio Ruiz-San-Román, Madrid (西班牙)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C37-2011-03-08

关键词

媒體效應，暴力，公共機構宣傳活動，飛反效應，減敏，模範，可達性，誘導抵抗

摘要

暴力行為讓普通人，政策制定者，政客，教育人士，社工及家長社團都倍感憂慮。人們已經從各個領域各個角度，採取行動抵制暴力。機構開展的宣傳活動和媒體對相關暴力活動的報導都是政策制定者對付暴力的重要伎倆。但有一部分文獻和資料顯示這些方式的效果有時候與主觀意願相違背。即使有些反暴利的資訊也會產生背道而馳的效果，讓暴力人士強化暴力必不可少的錯誤觀點。我們的假設是絕大多數人們可以準確無誤的吸收這些反暴利宣傳的精神，但是那些極度危險的人士可能會以暴力的方式回應這些反暴利的宣傳。這個一個悲劇性的駁論：反暴利資訊反而誘發了更多的暴力傾向。這就是所謂的飛反效應。本文號召開展更多有關媒體的飛反效應的實證性研究（減敏，模仿，可達性及誘導抵抗）。這些將幫我們理解飛反想像的發生。

参考资料

American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Pediatrics. (www.pediatrics.org) (15-12-2010).

Link Google Scholar

Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). The Effects of Media Violence on Society. Science, 295; 2.377-2.378.

Link Google Scholar

Anderson, C.A. & Dill, K.E. (2000). Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the La-boratory and in Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4; 772-790.

Link Google Scholar

Anderson, C.A. (1997). Effects of Violent Movies and Trait Hostility on Hostile Feelings and Aggressive Thoughts. Aggressive Behavior, 23; 161-178.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Anderson, C.A.; Berkowitz, L. & al. (2003). The Influence of Media Violence on Youth. American Psychological Society, 4(3); 81-110.

Link Google Scholar

Bandura, A., Ross, S. & Ross, S. A. (1963b). Vicarious Reinforcement and Imitative Learning. Journal of Ab-normal and Social Psychology, 67(6); 601-607.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bandura, A., Ross, S. & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of Aggression through Imitation of Aggressive Models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3); 575-582.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bandura, A.; Ross, S. & Ross, S.A. (1963a). Imitation of Film-mediated Aggressive Models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(1); 3-11.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Barrios Cachazo, C. (2005). La violencia audiovisual y sus efectos evolutivos: un estudio teórico y empírico.

Link Google Scholar

Brehm, J.W (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.

Link Google Scholar

Brehm, S.S. & Brehm, J.W. (1981). Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. Academic Press: New York.

Link Google Scholar

Breznitz, S. (1984). Cry Wolf: The Psychology of False Alarms. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

Link Google Scholar

Brändle, G.; Martín Cárdaba, M.A. & Ruiz San Román, J.A. (2009). El riesgo de efectos no queridos en cam-pañas de comunicación contra la violencia. Discusión de una hipótesis de trabajo, en Nova, P.; Del Pino, J. (Eds.). Sociedad y tecnología: ¿qué futuro nos espera? Madrid: Asociación Madrileña de Sociología; 191-198.

Link Google Scholar

Bushman, B.J. & Stack, A.D. (1996). Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: effects of warnings labels on attraction to television violence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2; 207-226.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Carnagey, N.L.; Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2007). The Effect of Videogame Violence on Psychological Desensitization to Real-life Violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43; 489-496.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cialdini, R.B. (2003). Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment. Current Directions in Psycho-logical Science, 12; 105-109.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cialdini, R.B.; Demaine, L.J. & al. (2006). Managing Social Norms for Persuasive Impact. Social Influence, 1; 3-15.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cohen, D. (1998). La violencia en los programas televisivos. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 6. (www.ull.es/publicaciones/latina/a/81coh.htm) (12-11-2010).

Link Google Scholar

Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 25.

Link Google Scholar

Drabman, R.S. & Thomas, M.H. (1974). Does Media Violence Increase Children’s Toleration of Real-life Ag-gression? Developmental Psychology, 10(3); 418-421.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Drabman, R.S. & Thomas, M.H. (1976). Does Watching Violence on Television Cause Apathy? Pediatrics, 57(3); 329-331.

Link Google Scholar

Feingold, P.C. & Knapp, M.L. (1977). Antidrug Abuse Commercials. Journal of Communications, 27; 20-28.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fernández Villanueva, C.; Revilla Castro. J.C. & al. (2008). Los espectadores ante la violencia televisiva: fun-ciones, efectos e interpretaciones situadas. Comunicación y Sociedad, 2; 85-113.

Link Google Scholar

García Galera, M.C. (Dir.) (2008). La telefonía móvil en la infancia y la adolescencia. Informe del Defensor del Menor, Madrid: CAM.

Link Google Scholar

Gentile, D.A.; Lynch, P.J. & al. (2004). The Effects of Violent Videogame Habits on Adolescent Hostility, Ag-gressive Behaviors, and School Performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27; 5-22.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hornik, R.; Jacobson, L. & al. (2008). Effects of the National Youth Anti-drug Media Campaign on Youths. American Journal of Public Health, 98 (12); 2.229-2.236.

Link Google Scholar

Huesmann, L.R. & Moise, J. (1996). Media Violence: a Demonstrated Public Health Threat to Children. Harward Mental Health Letter, 12 (12); 5-8.

Link Google Scholar

Huesmann, L.R. & Taylor, L.D. (2006). The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 27(1); 393-415.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Huesmann, L.R.; Moise-Titus, J. & al. (2003). Longitudinal Relations between Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39; 201-221.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hyland, M. & Birrell, J. (1979). Government Health Warnings and the Boomerang Effect. Psychological Reports, 44; 643-647.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Igartua, J.J.; Cheng, L. & al. (2001). Hacia la construcción de un índice de violencia desde el análisis agregado de la programación. Zer. Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 10; 59-79.

Link Google Scholar

McQuail, D. (1991). Introducción a la teoría de la comunicación de masas. Barcelona: Paidós.

Link Google Scholar

Miller, C.H.; Burgoon, M. & al. (2006). Identifying Principal Risk Factors for the Initiation of Adolescent Smoking Behaviors: The Significance of Psychological Reactance. Health Communication, 19; 241-252

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Miller, C.H.; Lane, L.T. & al. (2007). Psychological Reactance and Promotional Health Messages: The Effects of Controlling Language, Lexical Concreteness, and the Restoration of Freedom. Human Communication Research, 33; 219-240.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Molitor, F. & Hirsch, K.W. (1994). Children’s Toleration of Real-life Aggression after Exposure to Media Vi-olence: a Replication of the Drabman and Thomas Studies. Child Study Journal, 24 (3); 191-208.

Link Google Scholar

Ringold, D.J. (2002). Boomerang Effect: In Response to Public Health Interventions: Some Unintended Con-sequences in the Alcoholic Beverage Market. Journal of Consumer Policy, 25; 27-63.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Robinson, T.N. & Killen, J.D. (1997). Do Cigarette Warnings Labels Reduce Smoking? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151; 267-272.

Link Google Scholar

Stewart, D.W. & Martin, I.M. (1994). Intended and Unintended Consequences of Warning Messages: A Review and Synthesis of Empirical Research. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 13; 1-19.

Link Google Scholar

Thomas, H.M.; Horton, R. & al. (1977). Desensitization to Portrayals of Real-life Aggression as a Function of Exposure to Television Violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(6); 450-458.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Twerski, A.D.; Weinstein, A.S. & al. (1976). The Use and Abuse of Warnings in Products Li-ability: Design Defect Litigation Comes of Age. Cornell Law Review, 61; 495.

Link Google Scholar

Unger, J.B.; Rohrbach, L.A. & al. (1999). Attitudes toward Anti-tobacco Policy among California Youth: Asso-ciations with Smoking Status, Psychological Variables and Advocacy Actions. Health Educations Research Theory and Practice, 14; 751-763.

Link Google Scholar

Vives, C.; Torrubiano, J. & Álvarez, C. (2009). The Effect of Television News Items on Intimate Partner Violence Murders. European Journal of Public Health; 1-5.

Link Google Scholar

Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic Processes of Mental Control. Psychological Review, 10; 34-52.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wolf, M. (1994). Los efectos sociales de los media. Barcelona: Paidós.

Link Google Scholar

Worchel, S. & Arnold, S.E. (1973). The Effects of Censorship and the Attractiveness of the Censor on Attitude Change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9; 365-377.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

这项工作没有任何财政支持

Crossmark

技术信息

度量

这篇文章的度量

浏览次数: 42959

对摘要的解读: 35827

PDF下载: 7132

的全部指标 37

浏览次数: 971555

对摘要的解读: 800679

PDF下载: 170876

被引用