O risco de surgimento do efeito bumerangue nas denúncias contra a violência

 Gaspar Brändle-Señán, Murcia (Espanha)

 Miguel-Ángel Martín-Cárdaba, Madrid (Espanha)

 José-Antonio Ruiz-San-Román, Madrid (Espanha)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C37-2011-03-08

Palavras chave

Efeitos da mídia, violência, campanhas institucionais, efeito bumerangue, dessensibilização, imitação, acessibilidade, reatância

Resumo

Os comportamentos violentos causam preocupação entre os atores da sociedade (políticos, educadores, assistentes sociais, associações de pais, etc.) que, a partir de âmbitos diferentes, tomam medidas que tratam de solucionar o problema da violência. A difusão de campanhas institucionais de comunicação contra a violência e o fomento da publicação de notícias relacionadas a eventos violentos costumam ser algumas das ações utilizadas. Não obstante, parte dos dados e da literatura disponível demonstrou que sua eficácia nem sempre é a esperada e, inclusive, tais ações podem chegar a ter efeitos contrários aos desejados e reforçar as atitudes dos que pensam que a violência é necessária. Sustenta-se a hipótese de que a maioria da população assumiria como próprias as mensagens contrárias à violência. Contudo –e este é o ponto chave e mais problemático– são justamente aqueles indivíduos com maior propensão à violência (precisamente aqueles a quem deveriam se dirigir tais comunicações) os que poderiam reagir ante a mensagem antiviolência de um modo não desejado. Surge um dramático paradoxo: a mensagem antiviolência poderia aumentar a predisposição ao desenvolvimento de comportamentos violentos. Estaríamos diante de um caso do que algumas literaturas denominam efeito bumerangue. Por último, destaca-se a necessidade de um estudo detalhado sobre determinados efeitos dos meios de comunicação (dessensibilização, imitação, acessibilidade e reatância), que poderiam ajudar a explicar o surgimento deste efeito bumerangue.

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