Ключевые слова

hate speech, cyberhate, covid-19, social networking sites, university students, comparative study

Резюме

Hate speech is evidence that social networks do not always favor modern democracies; there are more and more issues related to their misuse, putting Western values at stake. This phenomenon has increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to investigate in Spanish and Italian university students their perceptions of hate speech such as sexting, grooming, cyberbullying, to analyze their online behaviors as victims and aggressors and to explore the forms of hatred towards people who have played a relevant role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a quantitative-descriptive methodology, 418 university students from both countries participated, recruited through non-probabilistic sampling. The results obtained show that in both countries there is an increase in the perception of hatred during COVID-19. In this context, the most increased forms of violence are sexting, gender violence and cyberbullying; among the most affected categories are healthcare workers, supermarket workers, and people with disabilities. Therefore, the results highlight the need to address hate speech with an educational approach oriented towards both critical and responsible media literacy as well as respect for diversity, interculturality, and emotional education.

Ссылки

Adesokan, A., Madria, S., & Nguyen, L. (2023). HatEmoTweet: low-level emotion classifications and spatiotemporal trends of hate and offensive COVID-19 tweets. Social Network Analysis and Mining 13(136). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-023-01132-6

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ahmed, F., Ahmed, N., Pissarides, C., & Stiglitz, J. (2020). Why inequality could spread COVID-19. The Lancet, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Al Serhan, F., & Elareshi, M. (2019). University Students’ Awareness of Social Media Use and Hate Speech in Jordan. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 13(2), 548-563. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709236

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Aleixandre-Benavent, R., Castelló-Cogollos, L., & Valderrama-Zurián, J. C. (2020). Información y comunicación durante los primeros meses de COVID-19. Infodemia, desinformación y papel de los profesionales de la información. El profesional de la información, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.08.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.

Link Google Scholar

Alpalhão, M., & Filipe, P. (2020). The Impacts of Isolation Measures Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Sexual Health. AIDS Behav, 24, 2258–2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02853-x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Amaral, I., Basílio-Simões, R., & Poleac, G. (2022). Technology gap and other tensions in social support and legal procedures: stakeholders’ perceptions of online violence against women during the Covid-19 pandemic. Profesional de la información, 31(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.jul.13

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Amores, J., Blanco-Herrero, D., Sánchez-Holgado, P., & Frías-Vázquez, M. (2021). Detectando el odio ideológico en Twitter. Desarrollo y evaluación de un detector de discurso de odio por ideología política en tuits en español. Cuadernos.info, 49, 98-124. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.49.27817

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bagnato, K. (2020). Online hate speech: responsabilità pedagogico-educative. Annali online della didattica e della formazione docente, 12(20), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.15160/2038-1034/2274

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Barile N, & Panarari, M. (2020). Virapolitik. Pandemia, populismi e altre infodemie. Mediascapes journal, 15, 211-221. https://bit.ly/4bMGAXn

Link Google Scholar

Bazzaco, E., García-Juanatey, A., Lejardi, J., Palacios, A., & Tarragona, L. (2018). ¿Es odio? Manual práctico para reconocer y actuar frente a discursos y delitos de odio. Institut de Drets Humans de Catalunya, SOS Racisme Catalunya. https://bit.ly/3Y5CLZY

Link Google Scholar

Binny, M. (2022). Tracing the Contours of Hate Speech in India in the Pandemic Year: The Curious Case of Online Hate Speech against Muslims and Dalits During the Pandemic. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328X221094364

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Boyd, D.M. (2008). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. Berkeley?ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3Sz4IpN

Link Google Scholar

Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Civila, S., Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., & Aguaded, I. (2021). Symbolic-discursive violence and new media: An epistemological perspective. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 13(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00038_1

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Crescentini, N., & Padricelli, G. M. (2021). The Relevance of Scientific Dissemination during the Vaccine Campaign: The Italian Virologist Communication on social media. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 8, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.X-Y-Z

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., Espelage, D. L., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggression and violent behavior, 45, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.002

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Galán del Rey, Á. (2017). El papel de los medios en el imaginario social y en la construcción del discurso del odio’. RICCAP (eds), Contar sin odio, odio sin contar: Visibilidad y contra-narrativas del discurso del odio en los medios para futuros periodistas, Madrid, Sevilla and Barcelona: RICCAP, 40–44. https://bit.ly/3WnaWey

Link Google Scholar

García-Fernández, L., Romero-Ferreiro, V., López-Roldán, P., Padilla, S., Calero-Sierra, I., Monzó-García, M., & Rodriguez-Jimenez, R. (2022). Mental health impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers. Psychological Medicine, 52(1), 195-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002019

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gassó, A. M., Mueller-Johnson, K., Agustina, J.R., & Gómez-Durán, E. L. (2021). Exploring Sexting and Online Sexual Victimization during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126662

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gheno, V. (2019). Cos'è lo hate speech e come si combatte. Tendenze, 9 Settembre 2019. https://bit.ly/4bLU8lJ

Link Google Scholar

Gomez-Baya, D., Tomé, G., Branquinho, C., & Gaspar de Matos, M. (2020). Environmental Action and PYD. Environmental Action as Asset and Contribution of Positive Youth Development. Erebea. Revista De Humanidades Y Ciencias Sociales, 10. https://doi.org/10.33776/erebea.v10i0.4953.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gursoy, D., & Chi, C. G. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitatlity industry: review of the current situations and a research agenda. Journal of Hospitality Maketing & Management, 29(5), 527-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1788231

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hall, S. S., & Zygmunt, E. (2021). “I Hate It Here”: Mental Health Changes of College Students Living with Parents During the COVID-19 Quarantine. Emerging Adulthood, 9(5), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211000494

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (2020). International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health. https://bit.ly/469SdGD

Link Google Scholar

Jane, E. A. (2014). ‘Back to the kitchen, cunt’: speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny. Continuum, 28(4), 558-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.924479

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jubany, O., & Roiha, M. (2016). Backgrounds, experiences and responses to online hate speech: a comparative cross-country analysis. Online report. Barcelona: University of Barcelona. https://bit.ly/4cH0iFi

Link Google Scholar

Lindberg, L. D., VandeVusse, A., Mueller, J., & Kirstein, M. (2020). Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the 2020 Guttmacher Survey of Reproductive Health Experiences. New York: Guttmacher Institute, https://bit.ly/3zTUaL3

Link Google Scholar

Majó-Vázquez, S., Nielsen, R. K., Verdú, J., Rao, N., de Domenico, M., & Papaspiliopoulos, O. (2020). Volume and Patterns of Toxicity in Social Media Conversations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Reuters Institute. https://bit.ly/4bGPl5a

Link Google Scholar

Malecki, K. M. C., Keating, J.A., & Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis Communication and Public Perception of COVID-19 Risk in the Era of Social Media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Megías, I., Amezaga, A., García, M.C., Kuric, S., Morado, R., & Orgaz, C. (2020). Romper cadenas de odio, tejer redes de apoyo: los y las jóvenes ante los discursos de odio en la red. Madrid: Centro Reina Sofia sobre Adolescencia y Juventud, Fad. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288486

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Melero-López, I. (2021). News consumption and risk perception of Covid-19 in Spain. [Seguimiento informativo y percepción del riesgo ante la Covid-19 en España]. Comunicar, 66, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-06

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Oda?, Ö., & Moskovits, J. (2024). We are not a virus: repercussions of anti-Asian online hate during the COVID-19 pandemic on identity and coping strategies of Asian-heritage individuals. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2362459

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

OMS (2021). Assamblea Mondiale della Sanità. https://bit.ly/4cPjKQk

Link Google Scholar

Paasch-Colberg, S., Strippel, C., Trebbe, J., & Emmer, M. (2021). From Insult to Hate Speech: Mapping Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration. Media and Communication, 9(1), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3399

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Palermiti, A. L., Bartolo, M. G., Servidio, R., & Costabile, A. (2022). Cybervictimisation and Well-Being during the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Depression. Healthcare, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091627

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Paris-Albert, S. (2021). La fuerza de los sentimientos y el reclamo de una educación sentimental creativa. Autónoma de Madrid. https://doi.org/10.15366/bp2022.30.014

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Pasta, S. (2021) Ostilità : vecchi e nuovi bersagli, vecchi e nuovi virus. Scholé: revista di educazione e studi cultural, LIX (2), 89-102. https://bit.ly/3Sc0TGu

Link Google Scholar

Pedroza, L. (2020, 29 de abril). Sentido y sensatez en las restricciones a la movilidad humana. Agenda Pública. https://bit.ly/4cJ3qAj

Link Google Scholar

Ponziano, R. (2020). La spettacolarizzazione dell’odio. Considerazioni sociologiche su hate speech e cyberbullismo. In Salzano, D., & Perfetti, S. Il cyberbullismo come fenómeno multiprospettico. Aracne. https://bit.ly/467JLYh

Link Google Scholar

Richardson-Self, L. (2018). Woman?Hating: On Misogyny, Sexism, and Hate Speech. Hypatia, 33(2), 256-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12398

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Robles, J., Guevara, J., Casas-Mas, B., & Gómez, D. (2022). When negativity is the fuel. Bots and Political Polarization in the COVID-19 debate. [Cuando la negatividad es el combustible. Bots y polarización política en el debate sobre el COVID-19]. Comunicar, 71, 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-05

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Servidio, R., Bartolo, M.G., Palermiti, A. L., & Costabile, A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and their association with Internet addiction disorder in a sample of Italian students. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports,4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100097

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1921). Fragmente über die Liebe. Aus dem Nachlass Georg Simmel. Logos, X(1). https://doi.org/10.7202/1040119ar

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Smith, P. K., & Berkkun, F. (2017). How research on cyberbullying has developed. En C. McGuckin, & L. Corcoran (Eds.). Bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, psychological impacts and intervention strategies. Hauppauge.

Link Google Scholar

Sternberg R. R. (2007). Capire e combattere l’odio. En R.R. Sternberg (Ed.), Psicologia dell’odio. Conoscerlo per superarlo, 45-58. Erickson. ISBN: 8861371361, 978886137136.

Link Google Scholar

Tze-Hou Hsu, J., & Tzong-Han Tsai, R. (2022). Increased Online Aggression During COVID-19 Lockdowns: Two-Stage Study of Deep Text Mining and Difference-in-Differences Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(8). https://doi.org/10.2196/38776

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

UNESCO (2015). Countering online hate speech. UNESCO series on internet freedom. https://bit.ly/3y1PeDu

Link Google Scholar

Vega Macías, D. (2021). La pandemia del COVID-19 en el discurso antimigratorio y xenófobo en Europa y Estados Unidos, Estudios Fronterizos, 22,1-22. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2103066

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F. (2017). Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art, and Instagram. Crime, media, Culture, 13(3), 335-355. https://doi.10.11771741659016652445

Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2022). Adolescents’ motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms. [Motivos del discurso de odio en la adolescencia y su relación con las normas sociales. Comunicar, 71, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-01

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Waldron, J. (2012). The harm in hate speech. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065086

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wignall, L., Portch, E., McCormack M., Owens, R., Cascalheira,C., Attard-Johnson, J., & Cole, T. (2021). Changes in Sexual Desire and Behaviours among UK Young Adults During Social Lockdown Due to COVID-19. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(8), 976-985. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1897067

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Crossmark

Техническая спецификация

Получила: 15-06-2023

пересмотренный: 17-07-2024

Принятый: 15-08-2024

OnlineFirst: 30-09-2024

Дата публикации: 01-10-2024

Время пересмотра статьи: 398 дней | Среднее время пересмотра вопроса 79: 299 дней

Время принятия статьи: 427 дней | Время приема Номер 79: 350 дней

Время редактирования препринта: 429 дней | Выпуск препринта среднего времени редактирования 79: 352 дней

Время редактирования статьи: 474 дней | Среднее время редактирования журнала 79: 397 дней

метрика

Метрики этой статьи

Просмотров: 1238

Ознакомление с аннотациями: 939

загрузки PDF-файлов: 299

Полные метрики 79

Просмотров: 15206

Ознакомление с аннотациями: 11653

загрузки PDF-файлов: 3553

Цитируется

Цитаты в Web of Science

В настоящее время нет ссылок на этот документ

Цитаты в Scopus

В настоящее время нет ссылок на этот документ

Цитаты в Google Scholar

В настоящее время нет ссылок на этот документ

Скачать

Альтернативные метрики

Как процитировать

González-Ramírez, T., Bartolo, M., Lopez-Gracia, A., Ponziano, R., & Perfetti, S. (2024). Perceptions and Behaviors of University Students in the Face of Online Hate Speech: a Comparative Analysis Between Spain and Italy. [Percepciones y comportamientos de estudiantes universitarios frente al discurso de odio en línea: un análisis comparativo entre España e Italia]. Comunicar, 79, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.58262/V33279.10

Доля

           

Oxbridge Publishing House

4 White House Way

B91 1SE Sollihul United Kingdom

Администрация

Редакция

Creative Commons

Данный сайт использует куки-файлы для получения статистических данных о навигации своих пользователей. Если вы продолжите просмотр, мы считаем, что вы принимаете его использование. +info X