Twitter e tráfico de pessoas: propósitos, atores e temas na cena de língua espanhola

 Alba Sierra-Rodríguez, University of Granada (Espanha)

 Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado, University of Granada (Espanha)

 Domingo Barroso-Hurtado, University of Extremadura (Espanha)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C71-2022-06

Palavras chave

Tráfico, exploração sexual, Twitter, redes sociais, análise de redes sociais, prostituição

Resumo

O tráfico de pessoas é um fenômeno vinculado a diferentes fins de exploração, como sexual, laboral, para casamento, mendicidade, cometimento de crimes ou retirada de órgãos. São inúmeros os debates que se referem a uma possível sobre-representação de alguns desses propósitos, como o sexual, nos discursos presentes em regulamentações internacionais, na imprensa escrita ou em campanhas institucionais. Isso pode acarretar possíveis consequências na detecção de parte da população acometida por esse fenômeno e na assistência prestada. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a evolução temporal das finalidades de exploração, atores e questões mais representadas na atividade sobre tráfico e exploração de pessoas que ocorreu no Twitter durante o período 2011-2020. Os resultados mostram que a exploração sexual é a que tem maior presença na atividade nesta rede social, assim como nas organizações internacionais. A persecução penal do crime de tráfico torna-se progressivamente mais relevante. Além disso, o tema redes comunitárias analisadas sugere que a exploração sexual parece estar ligada à ideia de prostituição nos tweets publicados. Tudo isso pode ter consequências no deslocamento de outros propósitos de exploração ou abordagens como aquelas voltadas à promoção dos Direitos Humanos para posições menos relevantes, bem como na construção de certas imagens de vítimas desse fenômeno.

Referências

Albright, E., & D’Adamo, K. (2017). The media and human trafficking: A discussion and critique of the dominant narrative. In M. Chisolm-Straker, & H. Stoklosa (Eds.), Human trafficking is a public health issue: A paradigm expansion in the United States (pp. 363-378). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_21

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Andrijasevic, R., & Anderson, B. (2009). Anti-trafficking campaigns: Decent? Honest? Truthful? Feminist Review, 92(1), 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2009.1

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Arena Pública (Ed.) (2017). México, 'foco rojo' en tráfico de órganos, niños migrantes principal blanco: Unicef. Arena Pública. https://bit.ly/3mYe9zM

Link Google Scholar

Attwood, R. (2021). A very un-English predicament: ‘The White Slave Traffic’ and the construction of national identity in the suffragist and socialist movements’ coverage of the 1912 Criminal Law Amendment Bill. National Identities, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2021.1895096

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Austin, R., & Farrell, A. (2017). Human trafficking and the media in the United States. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.290

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Barroso-Hurtado, D., Arroyo-Machado, W., & Torres-Salinas, D. (2021). Formación Profesional Dual: Evolución de red de actores en Twitter. Educación XX1, 24(2), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.5944/educXX1.28136

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bernstein, E. (2018). Brokered subjects sex, trafficking, and the politics of freedom. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226573809.001.0001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10), 10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Burbano, D., & Hernandez-Alvarez, M. (2017). Identifying human trafficking patterns online. In 2017 IEEE Second Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETCM.2017.8247461

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Clemente, M. (2017). Human trafficking in Portugal: An ethnography of research and data. Studi Emigrazione, 208, 663-687. https://bit.ly/3pIyKrO

Link Google Scholar

Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (Ed.) (2019). Diagnóstico sobre la situación de la trata de personas en México 2019. Resumen ejecutivo. Quinta Visitaduría General/Programa contra la Trata de Personas. https://doi.org/10.5377/cuadernojurypol.v5i13.11134

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Congreso General de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Ed.) (2012). Ley General para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar los delitos en materia de trata de personas y para la protección y asistencia a las víctimas de estos delitos. Diario Oficial de la Federación, de 14 de junio de 2012, Primera Sección, 2-32. https://bit.ly/3kJW1XC

Link Google Scholar

Couto, D., Machado, C., Martins, C., & Abrunhosa, R.A. (2012). A construção mediática do tráfico de seres humanos na imprensa escrita portuguesa. Análise Psicológica, 30(1-2), 231-246. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.551

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Denton, E. (2010). International news coverage of human trafficking arrests and prosecutions: A content analysis. Women & Criminal Justice, 20(1-2), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974451003641321

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Doezema, J. (2010). Sex slaves and discourse masters: The construction of trafficking. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222502

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Edwards, A. (2007). Traffic in human beings: At the intersection of criminal justice, human rights, asylum/migration and labor. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 36, 9-53. https://bit.ly/31FrPqV

Link Google Scholar

Gerassi, L. (2015). A heated debate: Theoretical perspectives of sexual exploitation and sex work. Journal of sociology and social welfare, 42(4), 79-100. https://bit.ly/3EFb0Lv

Link Google Scholar

Gong, R. (2015). Indignation, inspiration, and interaction on the Internet: Emotion work online in the anti-human trafficking movement. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 33(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2014.998988

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

González, E. (2019). Sacudirse el estigma. Apropiación del término ‘puta’ desde el activismo por los derechos en el trabajo sexual. Gazeta de Antropología, 35(1), artículo 04. https://bit.ly/3dBIUEY

Link Google Scholar

Granizo, S., Valdivieso, A., Barona, L., & Hernández-Álvarez, M. (2020). Detection of possible illicit messages using natural language processing and computer vision on Twitter and linked website. IEEE Access, 8, 44534-44546. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976530

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gregoriou, C., & Ras, I.A. (2018). Representations of transnational human trafficking: A critical review: Present-day news media, true crime, and fiction. In C. Gregoriou (Ed.), Representations of transnational human trafficking (pp. 1-24). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78214-0_1

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Haunschild, R., Leydesdorff, L., Bornmann, L., Hellsten, I., & Marx, W. (2019). Does the public discuss other topics on climate change than researchers? A comparison of explorative networks based on author keywords and hashtags. Journal of Informetrics, 13, 695-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.03.008

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hebert, L.A. (2016). Always victimizers, never victims: Engaging men and boys in human trafficking scholarship. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(4), 281-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2016.1144165

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hernández-Álvarez, M., & Granizo S.L. (2021). Detection of human trafficking ads in twitter using natural language processing and image processing. In T. Ahram (Ed.), Advances in artificial intelligence, software and systems engineering. Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences on Software and Systems Engineering, and Artificial Intelligence and Social-Computing (pp. 77-83). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51328-3_12

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hodge, E., Childs, J., & Au, W. (2020). Power, brokers, and agendas: New directions for the use of social network analysis in education policy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 28(117),1-17. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.5874

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kempadoo, K. (2015). The modern-day white (wo)man’s burden: Trends in anti-trafficking and anti-slavery campaigns. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1(1), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2015.1006120

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Marcelo, C., & Marcelo, P. (2021). Educational influencers on Twitter. Analysis of hashtags and relationship structure. [Influencers educativos en Twitter. Análisis de hashtags y estructura relacional]. Comunicar, 68, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.3916/C68-2021-06

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Marchionni, D.M. (2012). International human trafficking: An agenda-building analysis of the US and British press. International Communication Gazette, 74(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048511432600

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Mendel, J., & Sharapov, K. (2016). Human trafficking and online networks: Policy, analysis, and ignorance. Antipode, 48(3), 665-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12213

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Meneses-Falcón, C., & Urío, S. (2021). La trata con fines de explotación sexual en España: ¿Se ajustan las estimaciones a la realidad? Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 174, 89-108. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.174.89

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Naciones Unidas (Ed.) (2000). Protocolo de Naciones Unidas, para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños. Naciones Unidas. https://bit.ly/31KS3sf

Link Google Scholar

O´Connell-Davidson, J. (2006). Will the real sex slave please stand up? Feminist Review, 83(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400278

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Papadoukaa, M.E., Evangelopoulos, N., & Ignatow, G. (2016). Agenda setting and active audiences in online coverage of human trafficking. Information, Communication & Society, 19(5), 655-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1139615

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Reina-Peñas, M. (2019). Análisis del fenómeno de la trata de personas desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos. Icade. Revista de la Facultad de Derecho, 107. https://doi.org/10.14422/icade.i107.y2019.006

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rodríguez-López, S. (2018). (De)constructing stereotypes: Media representations, social perceptions, and legal responses to human trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 4(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2018.1423447

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rodríguez-López, S. (2020). The invisibility of labour trafficking in Spain. A critical analysis of cases and policies. Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica,18(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v18i2.329

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ruiz-Herrera, A., Ruiz-Guevara, S., & López-Cantero, E. (2018). El papel de los medios de comunicación masiva en la comprensión del fenómeno de la trata de personas. Revista Criminalidad, 60(2), 25-39. https://bit.ly/33jyA2F

Link Google Scholar

Saiz-Echezarreta, V., Alvarado, M.C., & Gómez-Lorenzini, P. (2018). Advocacy of trafficking campaigns: A controversy story. [Incidencia política de las campañas contra la trata: Un relato controvertido]. Comunicar, 55, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3916/C55-2018-03

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sanford, R., Martínez, D.E., & Weitzer, R. (2016). Framing human trafficking: A content analysis of recent US newspaper articles. Journal of Human trafficking, 2(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2015.1107341

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sobel, M.R. (2014). Chronicling a crisis: Media framing of human trafficking in India, Thailand, and the USA. Asian Journal of Communication, 24(4), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2014.903425

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sweileh, W.M. (2018). Research trends on human trafficking: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database. Globalization and Health, 14(106), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0427-9

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Tundis, A., Jain, A., Bhatia, G., & Muhlhauser, M. (2019). Similarity analysis of criminals on social networks: An example on Twitter. In 2019 28th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN) (pp. 1-9). https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn.2019.8847028

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Ed.) (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018. United Nations. https://bit.ly/2YfbOGo

Link Google Scholar

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Ed.) (2020). Global report on trafficking in persons 2020. United Nations. https://bit.ly/3DHTkyx

Link Google Scholar

Van-Schalkwyk, F., Dudek, J., & Costas, R. (2020). Communities of shared interests and cognitive bridges: The case of the anti-vaccination movement on Twitter. Scientometrics, 125, 1499-1516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03551-0

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wolken, C.L. (2006). Feminist legal theory and human trafficking in the United States: Towards a new framework. U. MD. LJ. Race, Religion, Gender & Class, 6(2), 407-438. https://bit.ly/3rW3597

Link Google Scholar

Zhang, S.X. (2012). Measuring labor trafficking: A research note. Crime, Law and Social Change, 58, 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-012-9393-y

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Crossmark

Technical information

Recebido: 06-09-2021

Revisado: 17-11-2021

Aceite: 03-12-2021

OnlineFirst: 01-02-2022

Data de publicação: 01-04-2022

Tempo de revisão do artigo: 72 dias | Tempo médio de revisão do número 71: 45 dias

Tempo de aceitação do artigo: 88 dias | Tempo médio de aceitação do número 71: 70 dias

Tempo de edição da pré-impressão: 162 dias | Tempo médio de edição pré-impressão do número 71: 144 dias

Tempo de processamento do artigo: 207 dias | Tempo médio de processamento do número 71: 189 dias

Métricas

Métricas deste artigo

Vistas: 47394

Leituras dos resumos: 44180

Descargas em PDF: 3214

Métricas completas do Comunicar 71

Vistas: 533772

Leituras dos resumos: 489530

Descargas em PDF: 44242

Citado por