Keywords

Cyberhate, hate speech, parental mediation, family support, coping, media education.

Abstract

Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents’ problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents’ problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents’ capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents’ use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents’ use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents’ ability to cope productively with cyberhate.

View infography

References

Arrizabalaga-Crespo, C., Aierbe-Barandiaran, A., & Medrano-Samaniego, C. (2010). Internet uses and parental mediation in adolescents with ADHD. Revista Latina de Comunicacio?n Social, 65, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-65-2010-919-561-571-EN

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(2), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cabello-Hutt, T., Cabello, P., & Claro, M. (2018). Online opportunities and risks for children and adolescents: The role of digital skills, age, gender and parental mediation in Brazil. New media & Society, 20(7), 2411-2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724168

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Eckenrode, J., & Hamilton, S. (2000). One to one support interventions. In S. Cohen, L.G. Underwood, & B.H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 278-308). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0008

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Elsaesser, C., Russell, B., Ohannessian, C.M., & Patton, D. (2017). Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and violent behavior, 35, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fanti, K.A., Demetriou, A.G., & Hawa, V.V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining riskand protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643169

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gámez-Guadix, M., Wachs, S., & Wright, M. (2020). Haters back off! Psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents. Psicothema, 32(4), 567-574. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Georgiou, S.N. (2010). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709907X204363

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E.M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del-Rey, R. (2018). Parenting practices as risk or preventive factors for adolescent involvement in cyberbullying: Contribution of children and parent gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Görzig, A., & Machackova, H. (2016). Cyberbullying in Europe: A review of evidence from cross-national data. In M. Wright (Ed.), A Social-ecological approach to cyberbullying (pp. 295-326). Nova Science.

Link Google Scholar

Hock, M. (2008). Erziehungsstile und ihre Auswirkungen. [Educational styles and their effects]. In W. Schneider (Eds.), Handbuch der psychologie: Handbuch der pädagogischen psychologie. [Manual of psychology: Manual of educational psychology] (pp. 491-500). Hogrefe. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05023-6_19

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Klein, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2000). Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method. Psychometrika, 65(4), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296338

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kowalski, R.M., Giumetti, G.W., Schroeder, A.N., & Lattanner, M.R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kutscher, N. (2012). Medienbildung in der Kindheit. MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 22, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/22/2013.10.08.X

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1987). Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer.

Link Google Scholar

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E.J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Livingstone, S., Olafsson, K., Helsper, E.J., Lupiañez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G.A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Machackova, H., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Smahel, D., & Staksrud, E. (2020). Children’s experiences with cyberhate. EU Kids Online. https://bit.ly/3q5vFBi

Link Google Scholar

Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F., & Alsaker, F.D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704310

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Martínez, G., Casado, M.A., & Garitaonandia, G. (2020). Online parental mediation strategies in family contexts of Spain. [Estrategias online de mediación parental en contextos familiares de España]. Comunicar, 65, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-06

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén. https://bit.ly/3g4tnhf

Link Google Scholar

Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 725-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0137-2

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Pascoe, E.A., & Smart-Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Pinkerton, J., & Dolan, P. (2007). Family support, social capital, resilience and adolescent coping. Child & Family Social Work, 12(3), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00497.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Raykov, T. (2009). Evaluation of scale reliability for unidimensional measures using latent variable modeling. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42(3), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175609344096

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Reichelmann, A., Hawdon, J., Costello, M., Ryan, J., Blaya, C., Llorent, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Zych, I. (2020). Hate knows no boundaries: Online hate in six nations. Deviant Behavior, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1722337

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van-Oosten, J.M., & Igartua, J.J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagel, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Satorra, A., & Bentler, P.M. (2001). A scaled difference chi­square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Slonje, R., & Smith, P.K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sousa, V.D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross?cultural health care research: A clear and user?friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sticca, F., Machmutow, K., Stauber, A., Perren, S., Palladino, B.E., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., Corcoran, L., & Guckin, C.M. (2015). The coping with cyberbullying questionnaire: Development of a new measure. Societies, 5(2), 515-536. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5020515

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

UK Safer Internet Centre (Ed.) (2016). Creating a better Internet for all: Young people’s experiences of online empowerment + online hate. https://bit.ly/2Jk6QAD

Link Google Scholar

Von-Soest, T., Mossige, S., Stefansen, K., & Hjemdal, O. (2010). A validation study of the resilience scale for adolescents (READ). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9149-x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., & Wright, M.F. (2019). The moderation of online disinhibition and sex on the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(5), 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0551

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Wright, M.F., Görzig, A., & Schubarth, W. (2020). How do adolescents cope with cyberhate? Psychometric properties and socio-demographic differences of a coping with cyberhate scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106167

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., Koch-Priewe, B., & Zick, A. (2021). Hate Speech – Multidisziplinäre Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M.F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E.Y., Sittichai, R., Biswalk, R., Singh, R., Almendros, C., Gámez-Guadixm, M., G?rzig, A., Hong, J.S. (2021). DNT LET’EM H8 U!: Applying the routine activity framework to understand cyberhate victimization among adolescents across eight countries. Computers & Education, 160, 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104026

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wachs, S., Wright, M.F., & Vazsonyi, A.T. (2019). Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2116

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

World Medical Association (Ed.) (2001). World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organ, 79, 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Worsley, J.D., McIntyre, J.C., & Corcoran, R. (2019). Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: Testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2018.1530497

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wright, M., & Wachs, S. (2018). Does parental mediation moderate the longitudinal association among bystanders and perpetrators and victims of cyberbullying? Social Sciences, 7(11), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110231

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wright, M.F., & Wachs, S. (2020). Moderation of parental support on health and cyberbullying among adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2390-2401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01739-9

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Yin, X.Q., Wang, L.H., Zhang, G.D., Liang, X.B., Li, J., Zimmerman, M.A., & Wang, J.L. (2017). The promotive effects of peer support and active coping on the relationship between bullying victimization and depression among Chinese boarding students. Psychiatry Research, 256, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.037

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Technical information

Received: 03-09-2020

Revised: 03-10-2020

Accepted: 16-11-2020

OnlineFirst: 15-01-2021

Publication date: 01-04-2021

Article revision time: 30 days | Average time revision issue 67: 36 days

Article acceptance time: 74 days | Average time of acceptance issue 67: 67 days

Preprint editing time: 165 days | Average editing time preprint issue 67: 159 days

Article editing time: 210 days | Average editing time issue 67: 204 days

Metrics

Metrics of this article

Views: 23078

Abstract readings: 21066

PDF downloads: 2012

Full metrics of Comunicar 67

Views: 245763

Abstract readings: 214052

PDF downloads: 31711

Cited by

Cites in Web of Science

Wachs, Sebastian; Mazzone, Angela; Milosevic, Tijana; Wright, Michelle F.; Blaya, Catherine; Gamez-Guadix, Manuel; . Online correlates of cyberhate involvement among young people from ten European countries: An application of the Routine Activity and Problem Behaviour Theory PSICOLOGIA EDUCATIVA, 2021.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106872

Bonilla-del-Rio, Monica; Sanchez Calero, Maria Luisa; . Educational Inclusion in Times of COVID-19: Use of Social Media for People with Intellectual Disabilities RIED-REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE EDUCACION A DISTANCIA, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.25.1.30875

Gorzig, A; Blaya, C; (...); Machackova, H. The Amplification of Cyberhate Victimisation by Discrimination and Low Life Satisfaction: Can Supportive Environments Mitigate the Risks? JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316221078826

Cites in Scopus

Wachs, S., Mazzone, A., Milosevic, T., (...), Gámez-Guadix, M., O'Higgins Norman, J. . Online correlates of cyberhate involvement among young people from ten European countries: An application of the Routine Activity and Problem Behaviour Theory), Computers in Human Behavior, .

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106872

Bonilla-Del-río, M., Sánchez Calero, M.L. . Educational inclusion in times of covid-19: Use of social media for people with intellectual disabilities | [Inclusión educativa en tiempos de covid-19: Uso de redes sociales en personas con discapacidad intelectual]), Computers in Human Behavior, .

https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.25.1.30875

Varela, J.J., Hernández, C., Berger, C., Souza, S.B., Pacheco, E. . To ignore or not to ignore: The differential effect of coping mechanisms on depressive symptoms when facing adolescent cyberbullying), Computers in Human Behavior, .

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107268

Görzig, A., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Audrin, C., Machackova, H. . The Amplification of Cyberhate Victimisation by Discrimination and Low Life Satisfaction: Can Supportive Environments Mitigate the Risks?), Computers in Human Behavior, .

https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316221078826

Cites in Google Scholar

Bonilla-del-Río, M., & Sánchez-Calero, M. L. (2022). Inclusión educativa en tiempos de COVID-19: Uso de redes sociales en personas con discapacidad intelectual. RIED. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 25(1).

http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ried/article/view/30875

Krause, N., Ballaschk, C., Schulze-Reichelt, F., Kansok-Dusche, J., Wachs, S., Schubarth, W., & Bilz, L. (2021). „Ich lass mich da nicht klein machen!“Eine qualitative Studie zur Bewältigung von Hatespeech durch Schüler/innen. Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung, 1-17.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s35834-021-00291-w

Wachs, S., Mazzone, A., Milosevic, T., Wright, M. F., Blaya, C., Gámez-Guadix, M., & Norman, J. O. H. (2021). Online correlates of cyberhate involvement among adolescents from ten European countries: An application of the routine activity and Problem Behaviour Theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 106872.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563221001953

Rodríguez De Los Reyes, A., González Luis, A., & Alonso Díaz, C. (2021). Uso del móvil en la infancia.

https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/24984

Görzig, A., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Machackova, H., & Audrin, C. (2022). The amplification of cyberhate victimisation by discrimination and low life satisfaction: can supportive environments mitigate the risks?. Journal of Early Adolescence.

http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/35146/

Bonilla-del-Río, M., & Calero, M. L. S. (2022). Inclusión educativa en tiempos de COVID-19: Uso de redes sociales en personas con discapacidad intelectual. RIED. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 25(1), 141-161.

https://www.redalyc.org/journal/3314/331469022008/html/

Varela, J. J., Hernández, C., Berger, C., Souza, S. B., & Pacheco, E. (2022). To ignore or not to ignore: The differential effect of coping mechanisms on depressive symptoms when facing adolescent cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 107268.

...

Görzig, A., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Audrin, C., & Machackova, H. (2022). The amplification of cyberhate victimisation by discrimination and low life satisfaction: can supportive environments mitigate the risks?. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 02724316221078826.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02724316221078826

Gámez-Guadix, M., Mateos, E., Wachs, S., & Blanco, M. (2022). Self-Harm on the Internet Among Adolescents: Prevalence and Association with Depression, Anxiety, Family Cohesion, and Social Resources. Psicothema, 34(2), 233-239.

https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/4741.pdf

Ramírez-García, A., González-Molina, A., & Moyano-Pacheco, M. (2022). Interdisciplinariedad de la producción científica sobre el discurso del odio y las redes sociales: Un análisis bibliométrico. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 30(72).

https://www.revistacomunicar.com/index.php?contenido=detalles&numero=72&articulo=72-2022-10

Gámez Guadix, M., Mateos Pérez, E., Wachs, S., & Blanco González, M. (2022). Self-harm on the internet among adolescents: prevalence and association with depression, anxiety, family cohesion, and social resources. Psicothema.

https://redined.educacion.gob.es/xmlui/handle/11162/223310

Download

Alternative metrics

How to cite

Wright, M.F., Wachs, S., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2021). Youths’ coping with cyberhate: Roles of parental mediation and family support. [Jóvenes ante el ciberodio: El rol de la mediación parental y el apoyo familiar]. Comunicar, 67, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-02

Share

           

Post Office Box 527

21080 Huelva (Spain)

Administration

Editorial office

Creative Commons

This website uses cookies to obtain statistical data on the navigation of its users. If you continue to browse we consider that you accept its use. +info X